Term
|
Definition
change in velocity of a body over time, expressed in linear (m/sec2) and angular (degrees/sec2) terms.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slight, passive, nonvolitional movements allowed in most joints (also called joint play) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| push or pull generated by stimulated muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motion caused by stimulated muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle or muscle group that is most directly related to the initiation and execution of a particular movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the generally agreed on reference position of the body used to describe the location and movement of its parts. In this position, a person is standing fully upright and looking forward, with arms resting by the side, forearms fully supinated, and fingers extended |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| angle formed between a tendon of a muscle and the long axis of the bone into which it inserts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle or muscle group that has the action opposite to a particular agonist muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motions of roll, slide, and spin that occur between curved articular surfaces of joints. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| angular motion of an object in a direction perpendicular to its longitudinal axis; often used to describe a motion in the horizontal plane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an imaginary line extending through a joint around which rotation occurs (also called the pivot point or the center of rotation). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effect of a force that deforms a material at right angles to its long axis. A bent tissue is compressed on its concave side and placed under tension on its convex side. A bending moment is a quantitative measure of a bend. Similar to a torque, a bending moment is the product of the bending force and the perpendicular distance between the force and the axis of rotation of the bend. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point at the exact center of an object's mass (also referred to as center of gravity when considering the weight of the mass). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unique position of most joints of the body where the articular surfaces are most congruent and the ligaments are maximally taut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inverse of stiffness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activated muscle that shortens as it produces a pulling force. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of independent directions of movements allowed at a joint. A joint can have up to three degrees of translation and three degrees of rotation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in the linear or angular position of an object. |
|
|
Term
| Distal-on-proximal segment kinematics |
|
Definition
| type of movement in which the distal segment of a joint rotates relative to a fixed proximal segment (also called an open kinematic chain). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a force, applied perpendicularly to the contact surface, that pushes or pulls one object directly away from another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activated muscle that is producing a pulling force while being elongated by another more dominant force. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| property of a material demonstrated by its ability to return to its original length after the removal of a deforming force. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| push or pull produced by sources located outside the body. These typically include gravity and physical contact applied against the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : product of an external force and its external moment arm (also called external moment). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the external force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a push or a pull that produces, arrests, or modifies a motion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more muscles acting in different linear directions, but producing a torque in the same rotary direction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potential acceleration of a body toward the center of the earth as a result of gravity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| push or pull produced by a structure located within the body. Most often, internal force refers to the force produced by an active muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the internal (muscle) force. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| product of an internal force and its internal moment arm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activated muscle that maintains a constant length as it produces a pulling force. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| force that exists at a joint, developed in reaction to the net effect of internal and external forces. The joint reaction force includes contact forces between joint surfaces, as well as forces from any periarticular structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branch of mechanics that describes the motion of a body, without regard to the forces or torques that may produce the motion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of articulated segmented links, such as the connected pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot of the lower extremity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branch of mechanics that describes the effect of forces and torques on the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relative moment arm length possessed by a particular force. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direction and orientation of a muscle's force. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direction and orientation of the gravitational pull on a body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general term that describes the application of a force to a body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| axis that extends within and parallel to a long bone or body segment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positions of most synovial joints of the body in which the articular surfaces are least congruent and the ligaments are slackened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quantity of matter in an object. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ratio of the internal moment arm to the external moment arm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the line of force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potential of a muscle to produce a torque within a particular plane of motion and rotation direction (also called joint action when referring specifically to a muscle's potential to rotate a joint). Terms that describe a muscle action are flexion, extension, pronation, supination, and so forth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motion of bones relative to the three cardinal, or principal, planes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| push or pull generated by sources other than stimulated muscle, such as tension in stretched periarticular connective tissues, physical contact, and so forth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motion produced by a source other than activated muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| property of a material demonstrated by remaining permanently deformed after the removal of a force. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| force divided by a surface area (also called stress). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phenomenon in which relatively low-level tension within stretched connective tissues performs a useful function. |
|
|
Term
| Proximal-on-distal segment kinematics |
|
Definition
| type of movement in which the proximal segment of a joint rotates relative to a fixed distal segment (also referred to as a closed kinematic chain). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arthrokinematic term that describes when multiple points on one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| angular motion in which a rigid body moves in a circular path around a pivot point or an axis of rotation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quantity, such as speed or temperature, that is completely specified by its magnitude and has no direction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any part of a body or limb. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a force produced as two compressed objects slide past each other in opposite directions (like the action of two blades on a pair of scissors). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of dissipating a force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arthrokinematic term describing when a single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface (also called glide). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arthrokinematic term describing when a single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface (like a top). |
|
|
Term
| Static linear equilibrium |
|
Definition
| state of a body at rest in which the sum of all forces is equal to zero. |
|
|
Term
| Static rotary equilibrium |
|
Definition
| state of a body at rest in which the sum of all torques is equal to zero. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ratio of stress (force) to strain (elongation) within an elastic material, or N/m (also referred to as Young's modulus or modulus of elasticity). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ratio of a tissue's deformed length to its original length. May also be expressed in units of distance (m). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| force generated as a tissue resists deformation, divided by its cross-sectional area (also called pressure). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more muscles that cooperate to execute a particular movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| application of one or more forces that pulls apart or separates a material (also called a distraction force). Used to denote the internal stress within a tissue as it resists being stretched. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a force multiplied by its moment arm; tends to rotate a body or segment around an axis of rotation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| application of a force that twists a material around its longitudinal axis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linear motion in which all parts of a rigid body move parallel to and in the same direction as every other point in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quantity, such as velocity or force, that is completely specified by its magnitude and direction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in position of a body over time, expressed in linear (m/sec) and angular (degrees/sec) terms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| property of a material expressed by a changing stress-strain relationship over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gravitational force acting on a mass |
|
|
