Term
Neonate
General Description |
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Definition
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Gravity controlled
Random extremity movements
Physiologic flexion |
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Term
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Definition
SUPINE
Flexion
Head to side
Breifly fixate and track objects
Lat vision is the best so tracks from side towards midline |
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Term
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Definition
PRONE
Flexion
Head to side, resting on cheek not ear
Pelvis is high, shifts weight to hands
Can lift and turn head
Random extremity movements LE>UE |
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Term
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Definition
SITTING
Not functional position
Head forward
Back rounded
Pelvis perpandicular, weight on ischial tuberosity |
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Term
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Definition
PTS
Pronounced head lag
No, UE, LE, or abdominal activity
LE's flexed due to physiologic flexion, but offer no support |
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Term
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Definition
STANDING
Take weight due to neonate positive support
When tipped forward will take steps due to spontaneous stepping reflex |
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Term
Neonate
Indications of possible disturbances in motor development |
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Definition
MOTOR DEV. DISTURBANCES
Profound medical history (ex: emergency c-section)
Feeding difficulties
Very stiff or floppy |
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Term
One Month
General description |
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Definition
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
More extended
Head and C spine mobility have increased
Extremities move away from body |
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Term
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Definition
SUPINE
Decreased flexion
Head further to side
Track from side to midline, but better lat vision than midline vision
Head turning
slight decrease in random movements in LE |
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Term
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Definition
PRONE
Decreased flexion
UE's more externally rotated and abducted
LE's decreased hip flexion and pelvis is lower
Head lifting and turning |
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Term
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Definition
SITTING
Fleeting attempts to lift head
Back round
Pelvis perpandicular |
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Term
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Definition
PTS
Total head lag
Unresisted extension of UE's
LE's and abs do not participate
LE's more extended |
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Term
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Definition
STANDING
General appearance same as neonate
Positive support may still be present
Spontaneous stepping may or may not be present due to heavy limbs |
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Term
Two Months
General Description |
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Definition
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Appears hypotonic
Physiologic flexor tone decreased
Antigravity flexor activity not yet emerged
More extended |
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Term
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Definition
SUPINE
Decreased flexion
Increased rotation to side, rarely in midline (increased ATNR)
Track from side to midline and midline to side and begins to track across midline
Kicking bilateral
Feet come together during flexion |
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Term
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Definition
PRONE
Head can be momentarily lifted to 45 degrees
Head bobbing occurs due to insufficient sustained contraction of the extensor muscles
UE's in increased abduction, ext rot, and elbows behind shoulders (scapular adduction)
LE's decreased hip flexion, lower pelvis (reduced ant weight shift)
Head lifting and turning
Head and mouth to hand |
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Term
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Definition
SITTING
Back round
Head lifting (occiput close to shoulders) |
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Term
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Definition
PTS
Tries to lift head due to developing LLR and OR reflexes, but still has head lag
UE's exhibit some active elbow flexion
Abs and LE do not participate |
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Term
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Definition
STANDING
Astasia Abasia
With standing supported around chest and under axillae, baby may slip down due to low tone in shoulders
Lifts head with hyper extension
Increased elbow extension
Hips behind shoulders due to hip flexion
may exhibit toe curling |
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Term
Two Months
Indications of possible disturbances in motor development |
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Definition
MOTOR DEV. DISTURBANCES
Due to asymmetry, hypotonia and astasia-abasia it is difficult to discern new subtle movement problems
Babies who have had troubled births may present a continuation of obvious problems, usually associated with marked hypertonus or hypotonous |
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Term
Three Months
General Description |
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Definition
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Symmetry starting
Increased midline orientation of head
Increasing antigravity flexor control |
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Term
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Definition
SUPINE
Symmetry and midline orientation
Head rotation can still elicit the NOB causing baby to roll to the side if UE's are close to the body
Visual convergence begins, increases the length of time baby can reguard toy in midline
UE's come together on chest, pull at clothing (beggining of body awaremess)
LE's are "frog legged" enabling feet to come together leading to desensitizing feet |
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Term
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Definition
STANDING
Takes some weight
Head up
Arms yoked to postural system (scapula adducted, arms slightly abdducted and flexed forward)
Hip flexion continues to keep pelvic girdle behind shoulder girdle
LE's abducted, ext rot and extended at knees
Toes curl |
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Term
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Definition
PRONE
Head lifted to 90 degrees, rotates freely (face side weight shift occurs)
UE's: forearm proping, chest elevation, elbows in line with shoulders (puppy position)
LE's: hip and knee extension increasing, ext rot is decreasing, ankles fluctuate between dori and plantar flexion |
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Term
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Definition
SITTING
Head up in midline
Back more extended
Scapular adduction (reinforces back extension)
Pelvis perpandicular
Leans forward at hips if unsupported
LE's more ext rot and abducted but provide little support |
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Term
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Definition
PTS
Midline orientation of head is lost
Head lag and shoulder elevation occur marked at initation of test
Closer to upright baby lifts head without chin tucking
Inconsistent active elbow flexion
No abs or LE participation
Asymmetrical reaction common |
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Term
Three Months
Indications of possible disturbances in motor development |
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Definition
MOTOR DEV. DISTURBANCES
Maintenance of strong asymmetry
Inability to assume or maintain midline
Difficulty with visual convergence or tracking may indicate head control not developing or occularmotor problem
Inability or poor ability to abduct and bring arms forward in prone, poor ability to weight bear on forearms causes baby to dislike prone therefore will not develop normal antigravity extension control |
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Term
Four Months
General Description |
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Definition
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Beginning of controlled purposeful movements and alternating coordinated movements
Head and trunk symmetry, midline orientation and bilateral symmetrical extremity movements dominate
Controlled symmetry |
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Term
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Definition
SUPINE
Increased control of flexors
Hands and eyes to knees
Good midline orientation of the head
UE: active control of the shoulders, hands together in space
LE: alternating flexion extension of LE have an important effect on ant/post pelvic mobility
Rolling to side lying from collected position or by hyperextending neck which is more primitive because uses ext not developing flexors |
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Term
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Definition
PRONE
Symmetry and increased extension dominant
Landau beginning
UE: horizontal adduction lifts chest (shifts weight posteriorly), forearm weight baring
LE: increased lumbarextension, ant/post pelvic tilt, hips down, decreased hip abduction, ER, flexion (LE in line with lower trunk) random kicking
Roll to side accidentally because unable to control weight shift (LE positioning is important) |
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Term
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Definition
SIDE LYING
Provides tactile, proprioceptive, visual and vestibular feedback
Antigravity lateral flexion control develops from this position
-requires equal simultaneous contraction of the flexors and extensors on the same side of the head, trunk, and spine (midline control)
-occurs first in the neck |
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Term
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Definition
SITTING
Precariously stable and barely functional
Head up in midline, back is straight to thorocolumbar articulation (leans forward at hips
With supported sitting there is less scapular adduction, therefore baby can bring hands together or to mouth, unable to reach for toy
LE's are in increased hip ER, abd, and flexion, resting more on supportive surfaces, are more effective at provinding positional stability for sitting (ring sitting) |
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Term
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Definition
PTS
Increased symmetrical, antigravity flexor control and antigravity righting
Increased anticapatory flexor activity (baby grasps with finger flexion, flexes elbow, legs, and head and tucks chin prior to movement)
Some ab activity and LE flexion
Start to help pull |
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Term
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Definition
STANDING
Can be held by arms instead of trunk
Scapular adduction reinforces trunk extension
Head in midline, dominated by extension (no chin tuck)
LE's in increased hip extension (causes increased lumbar lordosis due to stretch on iliopsoas), mor adduction, still ER
Knee extension active but appears to be a total (locked) response
Ankles remain dorsiflexed |
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Term
Four Months
Indications of possible disturbances in motor development |
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Definition
Failure to achieve symmetrical extremity movements
Midline orientation of the head
Alternating symmertrical extensor and flexor movements of the trunk
Frog leg prone |
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Term
| Five Months General Description |
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Definition
| GENERAL DESCRIPTION Begins to produce voluntary, asymmetrical, dissociated and reciprocal movements Antigravity extension control and control and antigravity flexion control continues to increase in head and trunk (increased balance on the sagital plane enables the development of antigravity lateral flexion, in the frontal plane) |
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Term
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Definition
SUPINE
Increased antigravity flexor control
UE's hands to mommy
Feet to mouth, increased oblique activation
Feet to hands (both hands on one foot facilitates increased oblique ab activation)
LE's beginning to demonstrate LE dissociated movements and dissociation of LE's from UE's |
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Term
Five Months
Rolling (supine to side lying) |
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Definition
ROLLING
Supine to side lying
Usually initiated from symmetrically flexed position
As baby rotates head the rest of the body follows as a symmetrical unit
Once in sidelying baby actively extends the bottom leg while top leg stays flexed
Initiates process of elongation on weight-bearing side, which enables antigravity lateral flexion
Occasionally rolling supine to sidelying occurs by pushing with one LE and hyperextending the lower back and head |
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Term
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Definition
PRONE
Increased extensor activity dues to LRR, OP, and Landau reflexes
Increased shoulder girdle and UE control
Extended arm weight bearing
LE's in line with trunk
Pivot prone position still used |
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Term
Five Months
Forearm Weight Shift |
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Definition
FOREARM WEIGHT SHIFT
Weight shift at shoulders which frees the face side hand for reaching with eye-hand coordination
Unilateral reaching in prone causes lateral weight shift and tactile stimulation activates BOH which causes head to right itself with the horizon
Facilitates all the more mature weight shift (basis of all normal reciprocal locomotion) |
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Term
Five Months
Rolling (prone to supine) |
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Definition
ROLLING
Prone to supine
Initially accidental
Head and spinal extension, scapular adduction and the ability to weight shift on forearms contributes to rolling
Attempt at counterbalancing roll from prone to supine are precursors of body equilibrium reactions on prone |
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Term
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Definition
SITTING
Can briefly sit unsupported by propping forward on extended UE's
Head control, chin tucking, back extension, leans forward at hips not spine
LE's wide base of support |
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Term
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Definition
PTS
No head lag
Initiates chin tucking
Arms pull
Abs active
LE's: total LE flexion occurs
Visual fixation reinforces head stability |
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Term
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Definition
STANDING
Increased head and trunk control
LE's take almost full weight
Hip extension not yet complete
Bounces (self induced osilations are precursors to functional skills and provide vestibular, proprioceptive and kinesthetic stimulation |
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Term
Five Months
Indications of possible disturbances on motor development |
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Definition
MOTOR DEV. DISTURBANCES
Inability to bring feet to mouth due to decreased antigravity flexion
Constant use of extension method of rolling supine to sidelying will keep baby from developing antigravity flexors, lat flexors, and LE dissociation
Inability to bear weight on forearms or extended on prone
Lack of development of LE dissociation |
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Term
Six Months
General Description |
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Definition
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
More functional, head control fully developed enabling baby to extend head in prone, flex in supine, and laterally flex in sidelying
More active in prone and supine, utilizes less positional stability
Starting to combine righting reactions when diagonal weight shift occurs and responds with rotation |
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Term
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Definition
SUPINE
Antigravity flexor control, independent flexing and lifting of head
Hands to feet, can play in mid-positions of flexion
Reaches for mommy with more extended arms
LE's more adducted and less ER, can extend distal joints while flexing proximal joints |
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Term
| Six Months Rolling (supine to prone) |
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Definition
| ROLLING Supine to prone Initiated by flexion, rotation and lateral weight shift that occur most frequently in head and LE's Uses sidelying to transition from symmetrical flexion to extension, head laterally flexes against gravity Completion of rolling is accomplished with extension from laterally flexed position |
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Term
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Definition
PRONE
Weight bearing and weight shifting on extended arms
Forearm weight bearing more frequently used, elbow and forearm increased freedom for independent movement
Hip extension
Extension is strong causing baby to push backwards
Tries to go forward |
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Term
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Definition
PTS
Can lift head independently
Pulls with extremities
LE's flexed at hips and extended at knees
Baby does the work |
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Term
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Definition
SITTING
Sufficient trunk and hip control to sit erect without support
Falls with turned head because of weight shift to face side |
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Term
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Definition
STANDING
Takes full weight
Hands can be held
Bounces (graded eccentric contractions of quads) |
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Term
Six Months
Indications of possible disturbances in motor development |
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Definition
MOTOR DEV. DISTURBANCES
Failure to produce a variety of movement patterns
Inability to laterally flex in prone or sidelying
Inability to bring feet to mouth, play with two hands on foot
Inability to reach in supine
Poor tolerance to prone position
In prone maintenance of LE's in abduction, ER or bilateral IR of femurs without ability to actively ER
Inability to sit independently or by proping
Progression is most important |
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Term
Seven Months
General Description |
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Definition
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Differences among this age group are more noticable
Development of antigravity movements in all three planes
Rarely stays in supine
Begins to learn about heights, distance and space |
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Term
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Definition
SUPINE
Rarely stays in supine, rolls to prone |
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Term
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Definition
PRONE
Prone and quadruped are the preferred positions
Tummy off floor
Baby can weight bear, weight shift and reach while on extended arms and forearms
Can weight shift in LE's and assume LE dissociation
Can pivot in a circle
Belly crawl |
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Term
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Definition
QUADRUPED
Achieved by transitioning from prone to sidelying (includes lateral righting and lateral flexion of the unweighted side and elongation of the weight bearing side)
This enables UE and LE dissociation
Baby must extend and push up with arms while abducting extended hip and adducting flexed hip
Once in quadruped baby rocks forward, backward, and sideways (osculations)
May push up to bear standing if has stable shoulder girdle control and lower extremity mobility |
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Term
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Definition
CRAWLING
Moving slowly by dragging the body along the ground
Components needed are UE weight shifting, trunk righting reactions which alternate between right and left sides, pelvic weight shifting and LE dissociation
Babies advance to quadruped crawling when lower trunk-hip control is sufficent |
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Term
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Definition
PTS
Will pull themselves up on their own |
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Term
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Definition
SITTING
Assumes sitting from quadruped
Has trunk and hip control to sit independently and use hands to reach out and manipulate toys
Sits erect with evidence of lumbar curve
Transitions from sitting to prone or quadruped |
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Term
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Definition
SIDE LYING
Plays frequently in side lying
Good lateral righting, gradually angle increases to side sitting |
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Term
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Definition
STANDING
Pulls self to stand
Takes full weight, stabilizes with one hand as other hand reaches, bangs and pulls objects
Cannot lower to floor, falls down or "sits" down |
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Term
Seven Months
Indications of possible disturbances in motor development |
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Definition
MOTOR DEV. DISTURBANCES
Subtle differences seem to have more significance due to babies drive to move
Babies will compensate for deficiencies
Prolonged and uncorrected compensations can reduce or impair motor coordination |
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Term
Eight Months
General Description |
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Definition
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Very busy and active exploring environment
Transition through many positions and do not stay in any position long
Starting to climb on low furniture and attempting to climb stairs
Enjoy standing activities |
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Term
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Definition
PRONE
Usually not content to stay on stomach and play
When placed in prone quickly move to quadruped to creep or to sit |
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Term
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Definition
SITTING
Begins to use a variety of LE positions when sitting
Baby practices trunk rotation when sitting
Moves easily from sitting to quadruped
Turns trunk by ER leg on skull side
Ring sitting or long sitting |
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Term
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Definition
SIDE SITTING
As trunk and pelvic-femoral control continue to develop, the baby begins to allow the skull-side leg to IR during trunk rotation, initially abduction is maintained but eventually the leg will IR and adduct and the baby will side sit |
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Term
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Definition
CREEPING
Primary mode of locomotion
Baby must lift trunk from floor while weight shifting on extended arms and legs
Uses reciprocal extremity movements, which require diagonal and counter rotation control in the trunk
Homolateral creeping has lateral flexion in the back, opposite hand and leg go forward (used if lack diagonal control due to low tone or bigger babies) |
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Term
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Definition
STANDING
Pulls to stand through kneeling and half-kneeling mostly through UE support
Begins climbing which involves alternate weight shift from side to side in UE and LE
In standing will weight shift
Cruises sideways |
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Term
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Definition
WALKING
Two hands held, upper trunk fixed, abd LE, scapular adduction
Steppage gait, lateral flexion not rotation of trunk
Face what holding onto but do semi turns |
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Term
Eight Months
Indications of possible disturbances in motor development |
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Definition
MOTOR DEV. DISTURBANCES
Inability to sit independently
Maintenance of ring sitting posture
Pulling to stand by pushing down with UE's and extending LE's symmetrically |
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Term
Nine Months
General Description |
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Definition
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Difference in skill level is increasing
Age of active sensory spatial exploration
Active walker, but creeping is primary form of locomotion
Learn voluntary release
True hand to hand transfers |
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Term
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Definition
SITTING
Functional, versatile position
Utilized various LE positions
Transitional state as baby explores the environment actively
Developing and using finer manipulative skills while sitting
Inferior pincer grasp, thumb abd to lat border of finger |
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Term
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Definition
QUADRUPED
Proficient at creeping (reciprocal movement and trunk counter rotation)
Speed and control are refined
Obtains and transports toys
Easily moves into sitting |
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Term
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Definition
KNEELING
May play in kneeling or half-kneeling
Control trunk and hips during lat weight shift |
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Term
Nine Months
Creeping Up Stairs |
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Definition
CREEPING UP STAIRS
Skill baby uses explore the environment
They can creep up stairs or climb on furniture
Can't descends stairs, tries to sit down |
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Term
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Definition
STANDING
Pulls to stand through 1/2 kneeling
Practices rotation in standing
Cruises around furtiture with semi turns in the direction he is going
Uses marked posterior weight shift to lower to floor |
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Term
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Definition
WALKING
Walks with 2 hands held
Maintains abd and ER during both swing and stance phases |
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Term
Nine Months
Indications of possible disturbances in motor development |
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Definition
MOTOR DEV. DISTURBANCES
Inability to sit indep
No variety with sitting patterns
Hamstring tightness
Inability to stand due to too little or too much tone
Problems with weight shifting (face side weight shift) |
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Term
Ten Months
General Description |
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Definition
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Developing and playing with perceptual concepts, especially in and out (container play)
Beginning to mimic gestures |
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Term
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Definition
SITTING
Static sitting rare
Can long sit with legs in line with body and use rotation
Sits indian style, side sits and W sits |
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Term
Ten Months
Creeping/Climbing |
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Definition
CREEPING CLIMBING
Major activities
Can kneel without support
More perceptual awareness
Can turn to go down stairs |
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Term
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Definition
STANDING
Legs active in rising to stand
Uses legs muscles and minimum assistance of q hand to control posture once standing
Can lower from standing posture
Can vary cruising pattern |
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Term
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Definition
WALKING
1 hand held is new challenge to control weight shift
2 hands held, use trunk extension to increase step length until rotation develops |
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Term
Ten Months
Indications of possible disturbances in motor development |
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Definition
MOTOR DEV. DISTURBANCES
Baby is combining many movement patterns that were developed during the previous months, if there is a disturbance in motor development it will be a continuation of problems seen earlier |
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Term
Eleven Months
General Description |
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Definition
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Moves efficiently on floor by creeping
Can bring themselves to stand, walk around furniture or climb on or over furniture |
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Term
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Definition
SITTING
Uses many different postures
Enjoys mimicking familiar activities like dressing and undressing
Trunk rotation occurs through a grater range
If concentrating on fine motor may revert to fixed adducted posture |
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Term
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Definition
KNEELING HALF KNEELING
Uses each position more frequently demonstrating increased hip control |
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Term
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Definition
CLIMBING
Continues to be a favorite activity
Once on furniture has motor planning and motor skills to maneuver the body from the climbing position to sitting facing the direction of ascent |
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Term
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Definition
STANDING
Attempting to rise to stand without external support
Done by utilizing squating
Standing without external support, but wide LE abduction |
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Term
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Definition
WALKING
Furniture cruising. reaching for furniture out of reach
Free walking with one hand held
Early attempts at walking independently emerge from holding onto an adults arm
Weight shift of trunk to unweighted side |
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Term
Twelve Months
General Description |
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Definition
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Very active and independent
Basic motor skills are present |
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Term
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Definition
SQUATTING
Transition to squatitng for play
Requires marked hip and knee mobility
Ankles frequently at 90 because of posterior weight shift |
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Term
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Definition
CLIMBING
Baby has sufficient LE range and control to flex the leg and place the foot onto a step
The uses the strength in the arms and quads to lift the body up onto the step |
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Term
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Definition
STANDING
Raise with legs, no longer needs UE's
Can stand independently without support
Can lower the body with or without support |
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Term
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Definition
WALKING
Most babies walk independently by or during this time
Exhibit increased trunk extension, scapular adduction (high guard), wide LE abduction
Steppage gate |
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