Term
Ten Good Reasons to Address Homophobia in Sport |
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Definition
Improve team and coach performance Decrease suicide rates Decrease incidence of hate crimes and harassment Challenge destructive stereotypes Reduce fear, ignorance and discrimination Create safe environments Improve team chemistry and learning environment Remove athletic participation barrier Redefine masculinity Make sport a safe place for future generations |
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Definition
-Gender (identity/expression. - ethinicity - sexual identification -age, class, race, religion, sex, ability |
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Definition
Characterized by vastly unequal distributions of power, authority, prestige, resources between women and men and between social classes and racial groups It’s masculine patterns appear to be natural because of it’s historical persistence People such as athletic directors, men’s basketball and football coaches, and male athletes in high-status sports are at the center of this gender regime and are privileged in their positions |
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Definition
Constantly re-created by the day to day interactions of people Do not determine what people do, but set the conditions and parameters in which people act The interactions that recreate the pattern of unequal gender relations or “state of play” make up the gender regime of sport, the outcome of which is a dominant form of heterosexual masculinity that is both a product and an advocate of men’s violence This masculinity is marked by a sense of entitlement to athletic opportunities, control of locker rooms, prestige, and resources |
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Trivial – to have little value or importance (Cambridge dictionary) Trivialize – the make something of less importance than is really is (Cambridge dictionary) |
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Media consumption has implications for: |
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Definition
Aggression, violence, reckless behavior Lower self esteem if masculinity as defined by media is not exhibited Can obtain desired image through purchase of certain goods Treatment of women as sexualized/trivialized objects |
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Definition
Assumption of entitlement to fair treatment on basis of individual merits Identification with decision-makers, power holders, information Shared understanding of institutional norms, values, processes, structures Assumption of safety and acceptance Access to institutional services that support success |
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Definition
Unasked for Invisible Can you think of examples? Unearned Available to members of “majority” group members in an organization Often mistaken for individual merit by “majority” group members “majority” group = “advantaged”/”status” group in society |
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Experience discrimination Suffer social disadvantages because of discrimination Possess a strong self-consciousness based on their shared experiences of discriminatory treatment |
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Definition
“Race” is a primitive but powerful classification system that has been used around the world “Race” is based on a two-category classification system premised on the rule of hypo-descent or the “one-drop rule” The “one-drop rule” was developed by white men to insure the “purity” of the “white race” and property control by white men Mixed-race people challenge the validity of this socially influential way of defining race |
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Racial ideology in history |
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Definition
Racial classification systems were developed as white Europeans explored and colonized the globe and found that there were physical differences between people These systems were used to justify colonization, conversion, and even slavery and genocide According to these systems, white skin was the standard, and dark skin was associated with intellectual inferiority and slowed development |
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Sport participation in Latinos |
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Definition
The experiences of Latino and Latina athletes have been ignored until recently Stereotypes about physical abilities have influenced perceptions of Latino athletes Latinos now make up over 25% of Major League Baseball players Latinos often confront discrimination in school sports Latinas have been overlooked due to faulty generalizations about gender and culture |
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Term
The Dynamics of Racial & Ethnic Relations in Sports |
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Definition
Race and ethnicity remain significant in sports today Today’s challenges are not the ones faced in the past It is a mistake to think that racial and ethnic issues disappear when desegregation occurs The challenge of dealing with inter-group relations never disappears – it changes in terms of the issues that must be confronted |
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Definition
• Definition - the process by which people monitor and control how they are perceived by other people. • Grounded in an interactionist perspective • Impressions are important • Is self-presentation deceptive? • convey favorable images of self • thus engage in selective presentation |
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Term
The benefits of being attractive…. |
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Definition
Attractive children are more popular Attractive applicants have a better chance of getting jobs, and of receiving higher salaries. In court, attractive people are found guilty less often. We also believe in the 'what is beautiful is good' stereotype. The good fairy/princess is always beautiful; the wicked stepmother is always ugly - we moralize attractivenes |
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Term
The influence of Selfpresentation on physical activity |
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Definition
• Motivation to participate or not • Social identity • Demotivating influence |
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Term
Two - Activity Choice and Context |
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Definition
• Activity Choice • Activity Context |
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Term
Three - Quality of Athletic/Exercise Participation |
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Definition
Exertion - SOCIAL FACILITATION Effort – SOCIAL LOAFING Excuses - SELF-HANDICAPPING |
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Affective Response to Physical Activity and Sport |
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Definition
Social Anxiety Social Physique Anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
The anxiety that occurs when we believe that we are not creating the desired impression in a social setting. |
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Term
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Definition
• Anxiety that results when a person perceives that her/his physique is being negatively evaluated. • High physique anxious people: • avoid settings high in physique evaluation (more than less physique anxious people) • avoid activities which accentuate physique • suffer depression related to their bodies • may engage in weight loss practices which are harmful |
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Definition
• Eating Disorder • Amenorrhea • Osteoporosis |
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Term
Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder (Bigorexia) |
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Definition
• “Preoccupation with the idea that one’s body is not sufficiently lean and muscular. Characteristics associated behaviors include long hours of lifting weights and excessive attention to diet.” • Preoccupation manifested in the following ways: • Giving up important social, occupational, or recreational activities due to compulsive need to maintain workout & diet • Avoidance of situations where his/her body is exposed or endures with marked distress or intense anxiety • Preoccupation about body size/musculature inadequacy • Primary focus on being too small rather than too big |
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Definition
sexual divisions present within an organization’s processes, practices, images, ideologies, and distributions of power. |
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Definition
the uniqeness of every person based on style, creative abilities, and actions |
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Definition
social ideology that is expressed as an aggressive desire to be on top of or seen as better than others. |
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Definition
Three trends are pulling the gender regime in sport simultaneously. They include: The Ghettoization Model The Just Do It Model The Social Justice Model |
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Term
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Definition
In the 1920s there was an expressed fear of a growing “manishness” among physically active women. Competitive women’s sports was able to survive in highly marginalized athletic ghettos; Women’s schools and universities Public sports organizations (both amateur and professional) Ability to survive based on “adapted model” of sports Les strenuous activity through less movement, bodily contact and aggression “concept of womanhood characterized by refinement, dignity, and self-control” i.e. women’s basketball, softball Market driven promotion of women athletes sex appeal “sexualized beauty queens” The unmodified “athlete” remains a male figure Ghettoization (playing in the margins) allows women’s sports to sidestep a patriarchal backlash Relative autonomy and protection |
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Term
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Definition
Approaches sex equity as though the institutional “center” is the place to be and women deserve to be there just as men do. The “center” is a place of athletes and individualism Based on fairness (power, status, and resources should not be based on gender, but rather skill) Based on two general limitations: 1)Lack of institutional analysis 2)Increasing reliance on large corporations to provide financial and cultural support to promote a type of equity for females in sport. Just Do It Model assumes that if doors are opened, women can go “from the margin to the center” or can break oppressive barriers in sport. Corporate Individualism is embraced to help push equity in sports. Can have negative affects such as celebrating only the elite female athletes and inadvertently causing young females to endure physical malpractice to be highly competitive. Although the just do it model encourages women to shift towards the center, it may have a tendency to make women share men’s institutional power, and re-create the same oppressive social relations with other groups may it be racial-ethno based or class based. |
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Term
Sex Segregation vs. Integration |
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Definition
True equal opportunity – allowing females to play with males in integrated sports – why resist? “defending men’s historical ‘rights’ to control resources” -“Ability to provide ideological “proof” of natural physical superiority of all men over all women” “Oppositional binary” – that men and women are categorically different (and thus unequal) “Continuum of difference” – some women are taller, faster, stronger and better athletes than some men and vice versa Limitations of views Women's and men's bodies exist on continuum Most popular sports are organized around most extreme possibilities of men's’ bodies (i.e. height in basketball, balance in gymnastics) Celebration of “sport” that entails physical power and aggression |
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Term
vidualism vs. Individuality |
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Definition
Social forms transform as pulled closer to the institutional center Individuality – uniqueness of every person, based on personal style, creative abilities, and actions Conducive to the community Individualism – social ideology that is expressed as an aggressive desire to be on top of or to be seen as better than others. Destructive to the community Consumer / institutional life replaces individuality with distortion of individualism Corrupt power of the center Proximity to center creates unhealthy aspects of sport Playing sports vs. Highly involved athletes Playing sports is beneficial while athletes exposed to dangerous risks Playing sports is on the margin and encourages individuality Athletes are at the center and pulled into individualism |
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Term
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Definition
Fundamentally challenge / alter the values or power relations at the center Fights against oppressive / unjust aspects of ghettoization Recognizes that social critique and social oppositions can be made from the margins Asks the crucial question “Just do what?” Institutional responses Women’s Sports Foundation Activism around sexual harassment, lesbian and homophobia issues Women’s National Basketball Association Adapted rules, gender marked, less pay and media exposure Community relations and marketing strategy i.e. Breast cancer awareness night, community organizations |
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Term
Instability of the center |
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Definition
1. problems –particularly off-field violence –generated by men’s athletic culture 2. destabilizing influence of institutions such as schools, universities and the law which often have different goals and core value systems from those at the center 3. continued challenges from the margins of sport by girls and women pressing for equity and fairness. |
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Term
The social control and deficit reduc:on dream |
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Definition
Most dominant discourse– sports can constrain and construc:vely socialize young people Corresponds with youth who have been framed as “problems” or “threats” Sports offers opportunity to escape bad environments and increase chances of future produc:vity in society (keep them off the street dream). Increase self‐esteem and “pull yourself up by your bootstraps” mentality |
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Second dream: Social Opportunity and Privilege Promotion |
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Definition
Sport is used to expand opportunity and build leadership and other necessary adult skills Focus is on building up strengths rather than on reducing deficits (as in dream 1). Focus on taking advantage of already present privilege Sports is seen as a microcosm of broader world – in which personal work ethic, compe::on and confidence are important Sports prepares one for the world as well as opening doors of opportunity to be successful |
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Definition
No focus on social jus:ce or community rebuilding Focus is on policing youth (social control dream) World is right as it is (social opportunity dream) |
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Term
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Definition
‐ Strategic planning Males hold senior posi:ons and make the decisions Dominant structure in sports organiza:ons Focuses on top‐down direc:on ‐ Community development Non‐direc:ve empowerment |
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Effect on the advancement of women |
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Definition
‐ Marginaliza:on by exis:ng management Lack of advancement opportuni:es Exclusion from decision making processes Overall inconsidera:on of gender equity |
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Poten:al contribu:ons from women |
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Definition
‐ Capacity to balance tensions between management and community development ‐ Provide focus and priori:es |
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Term
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Definition
The Reality ‐ Organiza:ons do not realize their established policies created by males for males inherently limits contribu:ons from women ‐ The execu:ve posi:ons are guarded from women by the exis:ng male patronage ‐ Many sports organiza:ons will not accept gender inequity as their problem ‐ Recognize that changes in one country may not work in other countries due to cultural differences ‐ Sport currently is behind all other aspects of culture and society in terms of gender equity |
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The Media Image of the Female Athlete Video Components |
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Definition
• Female athletics and athletes, because they demonstrate so clearly the physical strength, power and capability of women, pose a threat to definitions of masculinity that depend on difference from women, specifically definitions that depend on the exclusion of women and stereotypically feminine values. • While female athletics and athletes threaten to undermine the traditional equation of sport and manhood, media coverage of women’s sport has worked to reinforce traditional stereotypes of both femininity and masculinity. |
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Taking the Field: The Impact of Title IX |
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Definition
• Title IX changed the very culture of female athletics by putting to rest traditional questions about the appropriateness of girls and women playing sports. • As Mary Jo Kane puts it, “In one generation we’ve gone from girls hoping that there is a team, to hoping that they make the team.” • While Title IX has had the effect of increasing participation over the past three decades and, over time, the level of competition in women’s sports, an entirely separate issue concerns how these changes, and the nature of female athletics, have been presented and represented in media. |
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Out of Uniform: The Media Backlash against Female Athletes |
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Definition
• Analysis of the major sports channels, and of sports coverage generally, reveal that women’s sports are severely under-represented despite the growth in women’s college and professional sports programs, and in the participation of girls and young women in sports generally. • This persistent tendency to sexualize, trivialize and marginalize physically strong, athletic women has the effect of undermining the power of female athletes, and works to contain the threat this power poses to traditional equations of manhood and masculinity with sport. • These inherent biases in media coverage of women’s sports reflect profound cultural anxieties about changing definitions of femininity and masculinity. |
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Term
Empowerment or Exploitation? |
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Definition
While media have continually represented women athletes in sexualized or other trivializing ways that have little or nothing to do with their athletic ability or accomplishments, the fact is that a number of women athletes have regularly and willingly chosen to be represented in these ways. • A number of female athletes have argued that such representations have less to do with their disempowerment as athletes than their empowerment as individuals: that they gain power by expressing their individuality as women, their femininity, their sexuality, at the same time winning both publicity for their sport and economic power through promotional deals. • This focus on women athletes as hypersexual, or hyper-feminine, needs also to be considered alongside the overall dearth of coverage of women’s sports, and the relative absence of coverage of women athletes as athletes first. When valuable ideals like individual empowerment and expression circulate within so limited a frame, the risk is that women’s sports get devalued – even as the very gender stereotypes that made Title IX necessary in the first place get valued. |
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Term
Homophobia in Sport and Sports Media |
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Definition
• Because female athletes challenge traditional notions of femininity, because their abilities are seen as traditionally and stereotypically “masculine,” female athletes and women’s athletics must contend always with homophobia. • Women’s sports organizations and women athletes have been forced to consciously present themselves as heterosexual and as unthreatening to family values in order to remain socially acceptable and economically viable. • The consequent fear of media scrutiny in turn has led women’s sports promoters to emphasize the wholesome, family-friendly nature of their teams; led female athletes to clearly mark and market themselves as heterosexual, and led to lesbian athletes to stay in the closet. • This homophobic dynamic is especially paradoxical, and presents special challenges to sports ownership, given the large lesbian fan base of women’s professional sports. |
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Term
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Definition
Sports culture in the United States, because it is so inherently gendered, so traditionally a masculine arena, is one of the most prominent places where gender is defined and taught. • While in the wider culture women’s increased power has challenged traditional gender dichotomies, the world of sports media lags far behind. • Sports media do cultural work, actively constructing for millions of boys and young men what it means to be a man, to be masculine, and therefore what it means to be a woman, to be feminine. • As long as sports coverage and those who produce it rely on outmoded stereotypes of femininity and masculinity, as long as they work to appease the anxieties that always attend change, they will continue to perpetuate the myth that female sports are somehow less exciting than male sports. |
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Term
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Definition
Labels are used to control women in sports Hate drives the use of these labels Fear makes these labels effective |
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Definition
Women in sport must appear “heterosexy” Women must flaunt their femininity Women are encouraged to discuss their “normal” life Women must avoid being labeled |
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› Within sports institutions, regulates the ways bodies may connect with each other. |
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- Cultural ideology promotes an ideal of “normal” male behavior that places some men in a position of dominance over other men and all women. |
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The notion that some male behaviors are disgraceful and those displaying such behaviors are lower class that can be denied power and prestige. |
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Definition
To characterize or brand as disgraceful or embarrassing |
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Term
Characteristics of the Media |
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Definition
The media connects us with information, experiences, images, ideas, and people from around the world. The media at times gives us a “re-presented” version of the truth based on the goals of the media and in turn presents us with what the New York Times called “sportainment.” The decision makers in the media act as filters, and present images and text that is consistent with the current dominant ideologies in society. The media in the US emphasizes on competition, aggression, hard work, heroism, achievement, playing with pain, teamwork, and competitive outcomes. |
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Term
Typical Goals of the Media |
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Definition
To Make Profits. To Shape Values. To Provide a public service. To Build their own reputations. To Express themselves in a technical, artistic, or personal way. |
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Term
Sport Depends on the Media |
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Definition
Sports depend on the media for commercial success. Commercial sports depend on the media to provide a combination of coverage and news. Media provides knowledge and discussions about sports, which increases interest, and generates large revenues. Commercial sports depend greatly on television for revenues in the form of TV rights and licensing fees. Billions of dollars of revenue for sports are generated each year through television. Athletes and CEO’s depend on increased revenues for higher salaries. The goal of television is to turn the world into an audience that can be sold to sponsors |
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Definition
Sports are re-presented to audiences through selected images and/or narratives |
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Homosexuality and the Media |
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Definition
Lesbian relationships are ignored for fear of offending media audiences Gay athletes are assumed not to exist We live in a heterosexual dominated culture so it is harder for an athlete to say they are homosexual Homosexuality is not seen as normal in the media |
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Term
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Definition
a hatred of women -a term that implicitly denies the sexuality inherent in the athletic performance and the athletic body upon which that performance is inscribed. |
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Term
Contextualism‐ Voyeurism |
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Definition
Contextualism‐ the philosophy that an action, utterance, or expression can only be understood relative to that context Voyeurism‐ the sexual interest in or practice of spying on people engaged in intimate behaviors, such as undressing, sexual activity, or other activity usually considered to be of a private nature |
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Definition
provided the basis for new politics of resistance and critique of the way black people were positioned as ‘other’, irrespective of their different histories, traditions and identities |
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Definition
First wave of feminism didn’t use ‘difference’ but they observed divisions between class, gender roles, and rights Second wave of feminism used the term to describe inequalities and disadvantages that women experience as compared to men Third wave of feminism the term difference refers to the differences between women, rather than between two genders |
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Term
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Definition
Difference is based on experiences or postmodernist thought Experiences- seen as a way of challenging women’s previous silence about their conditions and confronting dominant males with knowledge and comprehension Postmodernist thought- “emphasizes fragmentation, deconstruction, and the idea of multiple selves” (Maynard) |
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Definition
Criticism of experience approach: “us” and “them” connotation Endless possibilities for diversity that cannot be lumped together Tends to emphasize differences between women that they might have in common “Detracts from our ability to consider relationships between things and the possible consequences in terms of domination and control” (Maynard) |
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