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| The collective term describing all of the chemical reactions in the body. |
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| A simple six carbon sugar and a monosaccharide (one unit sugar) that moves to all of our body's tissues through the blood. All carbohydrates are ultimately converted into glucose, which are then stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen when at rest. |
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| A more complex polysaccharide (multiple linked sugar molecules) that are derived from glucose. Glycogen is stored in the cytoplasm of muscle cells until the cells use it for ATP production, as well as in the liver to be converted back into glucose as needed in active tissues. |
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| The process of turning protein or fat into glucose. Despite this process, protein can only serve as a minor energy source, supplying 5-10% of the total energy needed for prolonged exercise. Even then, only amino acids can be used. |
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| A function that serves as a limiting agent. In controlling the rate of energy production, negative feedback takes place when a rate limiting enzyme slows enzyme activity to decrease the rate of metabolic reactions. |
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| The process of generating ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP. Uses a considerable amount of energy. |
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| An enzyme that catalyzes the release of energy from PCr by acting on PCr to separate phosphate (P) from creatine. The energy released then is used to add a P molecule to ADP, creating ATP. |
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| A method of ATP production where energy is released through the breakdown of glucose. |
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| The process of breaking down glycogen to glucose-1 phosphate before entering the glycolysis pathway. |
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| Also known as PFK. It is the rate limiting enzyme in the glycolytic pathway that catalyzes early in the pathway, during the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6 diophosphate. An increase in ADP and P enhances PFK activity, speeding up glycolysis, while increased ATP slows it down. |
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