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KIN 2303
FINAL
155
Fitness
Undergraduate 2
12/05/2019

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Term
Kinesiology definition
Definition
science/study of human move meant
Term
Scope of Kinesiology and how does it differ from medicine
Definition
Health promotion, human performance. Health in Kinesiology is proactive and preventive. Medicines that focus on treatment are reactive.
Term
Three types of learning styles
Definition
Auditory, visual, kinesthetic
Term
learner learns best by seeing, visualizing, drawing, diagramming, etc. In other words, you “know something by seeing it.”
Definition
Visual learner
Term
leaner learns best by listening, talking to others and self. In other words, they “know something by hearing it”.
Definition
Auditory learner
Term
learner learns best by doing, through movement and physical activity, and by using a “hands-on” approach.
Definition
Kinesthetic learner
Term
Human movement created by voluntary contractions of large muscle groups
Definition
Physical Activity
Term
What is exercise?
Definition
Organized PA, Planned PA, Structured PA
Term
What is the relation to exercise and PA
Definition
Not all PA is exercise, but al exercise is PA
Term
Supinated/Supine
Definition
Palm up/lying flat on back
Term
Pronated/Prone
Definition
lying face down/palm down
Term
Six types of Synovial Joints
Definition
Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid/Knuckle, saddle, Ball and Socket, Plane/gliding
Term
Has one articulating surface that is convex, and another that is concave. EX: humerus-ulnar elbow joint
Definition
Hinge Joint
Term
One bone rotates around one axis E.g., head of radius rotates during pronation-supination of the forearm while ulna remains fixed
Definition
Pivot Joint
Term
The joint surfaces are usually oval. One joint surface is an ovular convex shape, and the other is a reciprocally shaped concave surface E.g., knuckle of the hand
Definition
Condyloid (knuckle) joint
Term
The bones set together as in sitting on a horse E.g., carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Definition
Saddle Joint
Term
A rounded bone is fitted into a cup-like receptacle E.g., shoulder and hip joints
Definition
Ball and Socket Joint
Term
The bone surfaces involved are nearly flat. E.g., acromioclavicular joint of the shoulder
Definition
Plane/Gliding Joint
Term
How many vertebrae are in each section of the spine
Definition
7 Cervical Vertebrae (of the Neck), 12 Thoracic Vertebrae (of the chest), 5 Lumbar Vertebrae (of the lower back), Sacrum (of the buttocks), Coccyx (4 or 5 fused vertebrae of the tailbone)
Term
muscle that allows from elbow flexion and supination of hand
Definition
Biceps Brachii
Term
What muscle is composed of three muscles (biceps femurs (2 heads), Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus), is the primary flexors of the knee, and also extend the hip.
Definition
Hamstrings
Term
shortening of a tissue resulting from a force that presses the ends of a tissue structure.
Definition
Compression force
Term
lengthening of a tissue on one side and shortening on the other side caused by a simultaneous tension and compression presented at the respective tissue sides.
Definition
Bending force
Term
Deformation of a tissue that occurs internally as a result of a force that is applied parallel to the surface within an object.
Definition
Shearing force
Term
Tension and compression of a tissue at an angle across the structure (twisting).
Definition
Torsion force
Term
The elastic region of the load deformation curve exists where?
Definition
A-B
Term
What does elasticity mean on the load deformation curve
Definition
capacity of a tissue to return to its original shape after removal of load
Term
The plastic region of the load deformation curve exists where?
Definition
B-C
Term
Where is the yield level point in the load deformation curve?
Definition
B
Term
What happens when the load has made its way to the Yield level point (B: beginning of plastic region)?
Definition
Tissue no longer possesses elastic properties
Term
When does permanent tissue deformation (does not return to its original shape) results in micro - failure or injury (e.g., sprains) occur? between what two regions?
Definition
B-C
Term
What region of the load deformation curve does major or complete failure (torn ligament) occur/becomes completely unresponsive to load
Definition
C: Ultimate Yield Point
Term
What does the area under the load deformation curve represent
Definition
strength of tissue
Term
What does the slope of the load deformation curve represent
Definition
stiffness or resistance to deformation of the tissue
Term
What are the three different phases of healing
Definition
Inflammatory Response Phase, Fibroblastic Repair Phase, Maturation-Remodeling Phase
Term
Healing phase where you may experience redness, swelling, pain, increased temperature, loss of function, and PRICE rule begins. Lasts 2-4 days
Definition
Inflammatory Response Phase
Term
Healing phase where repair and scar forms, manual massage therapy is helpful, Rehab specific exercises are useful, protective thing and bracing should be used, and lasts hrs to 6 weeks.
Definition
Fibroblastic Repair Phase
Term
Healing phase where remodeling or realigning of scar tissue happens, more aggressive stretching and strengthening are used, and sport specific skills/activities are also used. Lasts 3 weeks to years.
Definition
Maturation-Remodeling Phase
Term
PRICE Rule
Definition
Protect, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
Term
Tendon or muscle tissue is stretched or torn
Definition
Strain
Term
Ligament or joint capsule is stretched or torn
Definition
Sprain
Term
Slightly stretched or torn; few fibers
Definition
Grade 1
Term
Moderately stretched or torn, more fibers
Definition
Grade 2
Term
Complete rupture
Definition
Grade 3
Term
two common sprains
Definition
knee sprain, ankle sprain
Term
3 common type strains
Definition
quadriceps, hamstrings, rotator cuff
Term
High enough force pushes the joint beyond its normal anatomical limits
Definition
Dislocation
Term
(Prime mover)- Producing the desired effect
Definition
agonist
Term
Opposing to producing the desired effect
Definition
Antagonist
Term
If the hamstring is the agonist producing flexion, what is the antagonist and what is it doing?
Definition
Quadricep/extension
Term
Steps of sliding filament theory
Definition
1. Motor nerve activated the muscle fiber 2. Myosin head attaches to actin 3. Cross bridge moves 4. Actin filaments move and sarcomere shortens
Term
A neutral impulse of a certain magnitude or strength is required to cause the innervated fibers to contract.(every motor unit has a specific threshold)
Definition
All or none principle
Term
A motor neuron (nerve) and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Definition
Motor Unit
Term
Types of muscle contractions
Definition
Static, Dynamic
Term
Types of Dynamic muscle contractions (4)
Definition
Concentric, eccentric, isokinetic, plyometric
Term
Isometric Contraction, no work is performed (work = force x distance)
Definition
Static contraction
Term
Muscle tension (force is exerted against an external load
Definition
Dynamic contraction
Term
what type of dynamic contraction defines: Shortening as it goes through a range of motion (flexion), muscle overcomes a load
Definition
Concentric contraction (up on bicep curl)
Term
What type of dynamic contraction defines: muscle lengthening during movement (extension) muscle is overcome by a load
Definition
Eccentric contraction (down on bicep curl)
Term
What type of dynamic contraction defines: constant speed contraction, strengthen muscle at all joint angles
Definition
Isokinetic contraction (swimming rowing)
Term
What type of dynamic contraction defines: an eccentric loading and stretching of muscles followed by concentric contraction, assisted by the Golgi tendon organ reflex (causes muscle to contract to protect from too much stretch)
Definition
Plyometric contraction (box jump)
Term
Which muscle fiber type is fast twitch?
Definition
Type 2
Term
Slow oxidative/slow twitch fibers
Definition
Type 1
Term
Fast twitch muscle fibers
Definition
Type IIa, Type IIb
Term
Fast glycolytic fiber
Definition
Type IIb
Term
Fast Oxidative Glycolytic muscle fiber
Definition
Type IIa
Term
Slow twitch (slow contraction)
Small fibers
Fatigue resistant
Aerobic oxidative energy supply
Appear red
Definition
Type I muscle fiber
Term
Fast twitch (fast contraction)
Larger fibers
Easily fatigued
Anaerobic energy supply
Definition
Type II muscle fiber
Term
What fuel source powers the phosphagen system?
Definition
Creatine Phosphate
Term
What fuel source powers Glycolysis?
Definition
Carbohydrates
Term
What fuel source powers oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
carbohydrates, fat, protein
Term
The 3 different energy systems work completely independent of one another. True or False?
Definition
False
Term
Which of the following is Not an anaerobic pathway of energy production: Phosphagen system, glycolytic system, oxidative system?
Definition
oxidative system.
Term
Which point on a graph measuring running speed and blood lactate represent the anaerobic threshold?
Definition
where the blood lactate (y axis) begins to increase.
Term
The____ of ATP releases energy
Definition
Breakdown
Term
The_____of ATP requires energy
Definition
Resysnthesis
Term
How many energy systems are there for ATP production and what are they?
Definition
1. Phosphagen System-immediate
2. Glycolytic system-short term
3. Oxidative System-long term
Term
Which energy systems have anaerobic pathways?
Definition
Phosphagen, Glycolytic.
Term
Which energy systems have aerobic pathways?
Definition
Oxidative
Term
Primary energy source for high power/ short duration activity.
Uses intramuscular stores of ATP.
Uses local creatine phosphate to resynthesize ATP from ADP after ATP depletes. all stores are small so this system lasts 7-12 seconds.
Definition
Phosphagen system (ATP-PC)
Term
Uses Glycolysis for energy production(the breakdown of carbs. Glycogen in muscle or glucose in blood) to resynthesizes ATP. No oxygen needed for energy production. A metabolic by product: lactic acid .
Definition
Glycolytic System
Term
increase in Anaerobic Threshold: an exercise intensity at which lactic acid begins to accumulate. reduces rate of lactate production. increases rate of lactate elimination. AT = Lactate threshold
Definition
Effect of training on the Glycolytic System
Term
Primary energy source for activities below anaerobic threshold(when you begin to accumulate lactic acid). Oxidative phosphorylation is involved in energy production(ATP). Removes lactic acid from working muscles(Cori cycle).
Definition
Oxidative System
Term
147 ATP per cycle created from fats, 38 ATP from glucose.
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in mitochondria.
Oxygen is needed for energy production.
Carbs, fat, and protein are used to fuel this system.
Definition
Oxidative phosphorylation
Term
Initial strength in training can be accredited to hypertrophy or neural adaptations?
Definition
neural
Term
The ability of the athlete to perform maximal voluntary muscular contractions in order to overcome powerful external resistances
Definition
Maximal strength
Term
the ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force against resistance
Definition
Muscular strength
Term
A negative relationship exists between what?
Definition
Relative strength and body mass
Term
Proportion of maximal strength relative to body mass
Definition
Relative strength
Term
A positive relationship exists between what?
Definition
max strength and body mass
Term
strength is determined by by
Definition
lean body mass
Term
Pyruvic acid, a byproduct of glycosides is processed in the mitochondria. When the production of pyruvic acid produced is greater than the processing of the pyruvic acid which byproduct is created?
Definition
Lactic Acid
Term
What is the correct path of deoxygenated blood flow through the heart (starting at the inferior/superior vena cava
Definition
///Begin deoxygenated blood///Blood flows into (1)RIGHT ATRIUM via vena cava and then (2)RIGHT VENTRICLE. Blood flows through (3)PULMONARY ARTERY to (4)LUNGS, gas enhance takes place through gas diffusion in alveoli(lungs). ///End Deoxygenated blood///Begin Oxygenated blood///Blood flows through (5)PULMONARY VEIN from lungs to(6)LEFT ATRIUM and then (7)LEFT VENTRICLE. Blood flows out of the heart via (8)AORTA and is distributed to all over the body
Term
10 seconds
<-100m event
Definition
Duration of Phosphagen system
Term
10 sec-2 min
400-800m event
Definition
Duration of Glycolysis system
Term
2 min-1+hr.
1500m to 5000m or 10k to marathon event
Definition
Duration of Oxidative system
Term
ensuring that blood flows into one direction (no backflow)
Definition
Valves
Term
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called?
Definition
Arteries
Term
vessels that return blood back to heart?
Definition
Veins
Term
(maximal aerobic power)The maximal rate of oxygen that can be consumed to produce energy in the muscle. Power of oxidative system. Additional energy requirement beyond this intensity will be fulfilled by glycolytic system.
Definition
VO2 Max
Term
Stroke Volume (SV)
normal SV for normal heart
training effect
Definition
Amount of blood pumped out from LEFT VENTRICLE per HEARTBEAT. Normal SV is 70ml. Regular exercise can increase SV.
Term
Heart rate (HR)
normal HR. Max HR equation, and how to calculate
Definition
Number of heart beats per minute (bpm)
Normal HR: 60-100bpm
Max HR=220-Age
calculated by counting beats in pulse for 10 sec and multiplying by six
Term
Cardiac Output (CO)
equation
Definition
Amount of blood pumped out from LEFT VENTRICLE PER MINUTE. CO = SV x HR
Term
Midpoint or area where the mass above and below are equal
Definition
Center of Gravity
Term
What happens when center of gravity is raised?
Definition
Stability is compromised
Term
what happens to center of gravity when athletic movements are performed properly
Definition
Changes are minimized
Term
which of the following statements about center of gravity is NOT true?
a)center of gravity is at the midpoint where the mass above and below are equal
b) raising the center of gravity will cause an athlete to become more stable
c) center of gravity is always located at a point on the body
Definition
b) raising the center of gravity will cause an athlete to become more stable
Term
The best time for information feedback is immediately after the performance. True or False
Definition
True
Term
Information that is provided as a natural consequence of performing an action is _______ feedback
Definition
intrinsic
Term
step 1/4 of qualitative analysis
Definition
preparation
Term
Step 2/4 of qualitative analysis
Definition
observation
Term
step 3/4 of qualitative analysis
Definition
evaluation
Term
step 4/4 of qualitative analysis
Definition
error correction
Term
A calf raise is an example of what type of lever?
Definition
2nd Class (Axis, Resistance, Force)
Term
AFR (Axis, Force, Resistance)
Definition
3rd Class Lever
Term
ARF (Axis, Resistance, Force)
Definition
2nd Class Lever
Term
RAF (Resistance, Axis Force)
Definition
1st Class Lever
Term
Center of gravity is not always directly pinpointed on the body. True or false?
Definition
True[image]
Term
Lever where axis is located between resistance and force
Definition
First Class Lever (RAF)
Term
Lever where resistance is located between axis and force
Definition
Second Class Lever (ARF)
Term
Lever where force is located between axis and resistance
Definition
Third Class Lever (AFR)
Term
bicep curl is an example of what type of lever
Definition
Third Class lever
Term
head nodding is a example of what type of lever
Definition
first class lever
Term
4 Steps of qualitative analysis/quality instruction
Definition
1. Preparation
2. Observation
3. Evaluation
4. Error correction
Term
What step of qualitative analysis deals with:
Knowing the skill, Identification of critical phases, determination of correct execution, determination of skill objective, and skills with similar overall objectives will be governed by similar biomechanical principles
Definition
Preparation
Term
What step of qualitative analysis deals with: Studying the actual execution of the skill(who? what? where? how? planning observations prior to session, hearing, seeing, feeling)
Definition
Observation
Term
What step qualitative analysis deals with:
Diagnosis of a movement, identification of problems and weakness, determination of acceptable range of correct movements, dividing skill into phases, and identifying key body movements involved in each phase
Definition
Evaluation
Term
What step of qualitative analysis deals with:
provision of quality feedback, effective communication, sources of concentration(mental, physical)
Definition
error correction
Term
Three stages of motor learning
Definition
cognitive, associative, autonomous stages
Term
which stage of motor learning:
begins when task is first introduced, learner determines what the skill involves, determines performance goals required to perform the skill, instructions are verbally transmitted, self talk and verbal reminders facilitate learning, and performance is slow/jerky/awkward
Definition
cognitive
Term
which stage of motor learning:
focuses on performing and refining the skill, concentration is directed toward smaller details (timing), performance becomes controlled and consistent, and diminished self talk
Definition
associative stage
Term
which stage of motor learning:
has automatic and very proficient performance, improvements become slow/less obvious(reduced mental effort, improved style, reduced anxiety)
Definition
autonomous stage
Term
Learners are taught various fundamental movements and applied to a game, when learning from one situation assists learning in another
Definition
positive transfer
Term
The 2018 physical activity guidelines state adults should participate in how many minutes of moderate intensity physical activity a week?
Definition
150 minutes
Term
2018 PA guidelines for Americans:
adults should avoid ______.
adults should do at least _____ minutes a week of _______ intensity, _______ minutes a week of ________ intensity aerobic PA, or __________ combination of ________ and vigorous intensity aerobic PA.
Aerobic activity should be performed in episodes of at lease _____ minutes. Adults should also do strength training actives on ______ or more days a week
Definition
inactivity, 150, moderate, 75, vigorous, equivalent, moderate, 10, 2.
Term
what HR percentage should you train at if trying to develop Cardiorespiratory training
Definition
50-80% of predicted max HR
Term
What training principle deals with training demand being greater than normal performance requirement (increased frequency, intensity, and time of training)
Definition
Overload principle
Term
Five health related components of physical fitness
Definition
1. muscular strength
2. muscular endurance
3. cardiorespiratory endurance
4. flexibility
5. body composition
Term
is an achieved condition that limits the amount of physical activity that can be performed
Definition
physical fitness
Term
exercise continuum exists, so that what may be considered physical activity to a fit person may be considered exercise to an unfit person
Definition
Physical activity
Term
For a test to be a good test it must be both what?
Definition
Valid and reliable
Term
_____ tells the repeatability of a measurement
Definition
Reliability
Term
_____ tells the degree of truthfulness of a measurement
Definition
validity
Term
Degree of truthfulness in measurement
Definition
Validity
Term
How well it measures what is supposed to measure and a trait that is possessed by the instrument or test being used describes what
Definition
validity in testing
Term
repeatability of a measuremtn
Definition
reliability
Term
big five personality traits
Definition
openness, neuroticism, consciousness, agreeableness, extraversion.
Term
Physiological state of readiness and psychological activation, involves the autonomic nervous system, body way of preparing you for fight or flight
Definition
Arousal
Term
tension an worry that results from distress
Definition
anxiety
Term
nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it, unemotional bodily response to some type of stressor, can be either good or bad (depends upon the individuals personal interpretation)
Definition
Stress
Term
What is the pattern of characteristic thought, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish one person from another and persist over time and situations
Definition
Personality
Term
individuals belief that s/he can succeed in the task
situtation specific self confidence
Definition
Self Efficacy
Term
relationship between cognitive anxiety and athletic performance is?
Definition
Linear and negative
Term
The relationship between somatic state anxiety and performance takes on what shape on a figure
Definition
Inverted U
Term
Steps of transtheoretical model of behavior change (5)
Definition
1. Precontemplation
2. contemplation
3. preparation
4. action
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