Term
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Definition
- HAVE ducts
- Secrete onto body surface or into cavity
- Secretions travel directly onto target
- Secretions are usually fluids, lubricants, enzymes
- Ex. Sweat, salivary, mucous |
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Term
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Definition
| - series of ductless glands that secrete hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| study of hormones and endocrine glands |
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Term
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Definition
- Ductless
- Secrete hormones
- Function is regulation, homeostasis
- Hormones dumped right into bloodstream, act on target cells |
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Term
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Definition
| - Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and adrenal gland |
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Term
| Endocrine organs that belong to other body systems |
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Definition
| pancreas, thymus, gonads, and hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
- Classes: Amino acids (protein) or steroid (lipid)
- Action: circulate through bloodstream and affect only the target cells (have receptors); hormones themselves are just triggers
- Control of secretion
o Humoral stimuli = respond to changing levels of ions/nutrients in blood (ex. Parathyroid gland)
o Neural stimuli = respond to nervous system (ex. Adrenal medulla)
o Hormonal stimuli = respond to hormones from other glands (ex. Hypothalamus)
o Feedback loops: negative (more hormone secreted if levels drop); positive (more hormone secreted if levels increases |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) |
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Definition
- 9 major hormones, from 2 different portions- all are protein hormones
- Is a small, round structure
- Hangs on stalk below hypothalamus; stalk is called infundibulum
- Is 2 separate glands, anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis) |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland: Adenohypophysis |
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Definition
- Location: ventral portion under hypothalamus
- Secretions: hormones that regulate growth and secretion of other glands, tissues (called TROPIC hormones, or stimulating hormones); GH, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin
- Target(s): other endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal, gonads)
- Effect(s): generally stimulates tissue growth and gland secretion, essential for growth, development, maturation
- Adenohypophysis is controlled by hypothalamus, which secretes peptide hormones (releasing factors) that signal the hormone release (inhibiting factors can also be released) |
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Term
| Growth Hormone (somatotropin) |
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Definition
| (Pituitary Gland: Adenohypophysis ) regulates growth of all body cells, promotes cell division |
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Term
| melanocyte stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| (Pituitary Gland: Adenohypophysis) causes darkening of skin by stimulating melanin |
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Term
| follicle stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| (Pituitary Gland: Adenohypophysis) in females regulates monthly development of follicle and egg and secretion of estrogen in males stimulates testes and creates sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| (Pituitary Gland: Adenohypophysis) working together with FSH, in females helps bring about ovulation & formation of progesterone in males stimulates testosterone development and secretion |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Definition
| (Pituitary Gland: Adenohypophysis) promotes function of adrenal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| (Pituitary Gland: Adenohypophysis) secreted in males and females, but functions more in females after birth in milk production |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland Neurohypophysis |
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Definition
- Location: dorsal; is considered part of the brain- has nervous tissue
- Secretions:: ADH (antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin), oxytocin
- Targets/effects: (ADH) kidney = helps to retain water (decrease urine flow) blood vessel = constricts (increase BP) (Oxytocin) uterus = contractions, delivery breast = lactation |
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Term
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Definition
- Location: in the anterior neck, inferior to the larynx – just below adam’s apple; wraps around front of trachea, has 2 lobes connected by the isthmus – and many blood vessels around it
- Secretions: (releases TSH, which signals TH): Thyroid hormone and calcitonin
- Targets: almost all body tissues
- Effects: increase metabolic rate, stimulate protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
- Location: 4 tiny glands, @ top and bottom of posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland (superior and inferior pair on each lateral lobe of thyroid)
- Secretion: parathyroid hormone (PTH), protein hormone made by chief cells
- Targets/effects;
o Bone: increase calcium release (increases osteoclast activity – opposite effect of calcitonin)
o Small intestine: increases Ca absorption (by activating vitamin D)
o Kidneys: decreases Ca excretion
o Net Effect: increases Ca in bloodstream, decreases amount in bones |
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Term
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Definition
| located superior to kidneys; adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, pineal gland, pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
(Adrenal Glands)
- Bulk of gland, controlled by ACTH from anterior pituitary
- Secretes over 30 hormones called corticosteroids (or corticoids for short)
- Location: cortex
- Secretions: mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (steroid hormone; cortisol)
- Targets/effects: cortisol targets liver, muscles (increases glucose metabolism), aldosterone targets kidney (increases sodium retention, water follows – thus increases blood volume) |
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Term
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Definition
(Adrenal Gland)
- Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
- Location: inside portion of gland
- Secretion: epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines)
- Target: all sympathetic target organs
- Effects: reinforces sympathetic mass activation, hormonal effect lasts longer (10 times longer) – fight or flight response |
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Term
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Definition
(Adrenal Gland)
- - Shaped like a pine cone
- Function not well understood in humans
- Location: roof of 3rd ventricle, dorsal to thalamus, dorsal/superior to midbrain (basically is straight back from the eyes)
- Secretion: melatonin (NOT melanin)
- Target: hypothalamus
- Effect: helps regulate circadian rhythms, sleep (increases secretion in dark |
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Term
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Definition
(Adrenal Gland)
- Is BOTH an endocrine and an exocrine gland
- Location: posterior abdominal wall, middle-left side (stomach is superior to it, transverse colon is inferior to it, kidneys are dorsal to it)
- Secretions (protein hormones):
o Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) are responsible for endocrine function – 2 cell types (alpha, beta)
o Glucagon: helps to release fuel into bloodstream- comes from alpha islet cells
o Insulin: helps to store glucose/fuel (decreases amount in bloodstream)- comes from beta islet cells
• THUS insulin is released in a HYPERglycemic state and has a HYPOglycemic effect
- Targets/effects: glucagon signals liver to release glucose from stored glycogen; insulin signals liver to store glucose as glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
- Location: farther down trachea from thyroid, rests on top of pericardial sac in mediastinum (base of neck) – in front of aorta, behind sternum
- Secretion: thymic hormone (thymosin, thymopoietin) – peptide hormone
- Target: lymphoid tissues (especially nodes)
- Effect: increase lymphocyte production, especially T cells – helps maintain immunity – gland is much larger in children, regresses in size after puberty |
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Term
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Definition
- Location: scrotum
- Secretion: androgens (steroids; primarily testosterone)
- Not purely endocrine – produces sperm
- Targets/Effects: most body tissues – growth and development, sex drive |
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Term
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Definition
- Location: scrotum
- Secretion: androgens (steroids; primarily testosterone)
- Not purely endocrine – produces sperm
- Targets/Effects: most body tissues – growth and development, sex drive |
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Term
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Definition
(gland)
- ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide): decreases excess blood volume, higher BP, and high sodium concentration – stimulates kidney to increase salt secretion |
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Term
| GI Tract (stomach, intestines) |
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Definition
(gland)
- Gastrin- released by stomach – stimulates HCl
- Secretin – released by small intestine – stimulates water & bicarbonate secretion in pancreatic juice
- CCK (cholecystokinin) – released by small intestine – stimulates gallbladder, pancreatic juices
- GIP (gastroinhibitory peptide) – released by small intestine – inhibits gastric emptying, acid secretion
- Targets/Effects: secretions and activity of GI Tract |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Secrete erythropoietin
- Target/Effect: red bone marrow, stimulates RBC production |
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Term
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Definition
| - Precursor to vitamin D is produced by modified cholesterol molecules after exposure to UV light (vitamin D is fully activated by liver)), signals calcium absorption from small intestine (needed for bones) |
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Term
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Definition
| Endocrine System Disorders in Pituitary; tumor causes hypersecretion of GH in children (extreme tallness) |
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Term
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Definition
| Endocrine System Disorders in Pituitary; excessive GH secretion after epiphyseal plates fuse (blood sugar is high) |
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Term
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Definition
| Endocrine System Disorder in Thyroid; oversecretion of thyroid hormone (elevated metabolic rate, rapid HR, sweating) |
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Term
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Definition
| Endocrine System Disorders in Thyroid; hyopsecretion of thyroid hormone (low metabolic rate, weight gain, lethargy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Endocrine System Disorders in Thyroid; enlarged thyroid gland due to lack of iodine |
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Term
| Diabetes Mellitus: Type I |
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Definition
| Endocrine System Disorders in Pancreas; insufficient insulin |
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Term
| Diabetes Mellitus: Type II |
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Definition
| endocrine system disorder in pancreas inability of cells to react to insulin (blood sugar is high), "adult onset" reduced insulin sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
- Cardiovascular System: Blood, heart, blood vessels
- Lymphatic System |
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Term
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Definition
- Circulation is started by pumping from heart
- Leaves the heart via arteries; returns via veins
- Arteries branch into capillaries
- Carries respiratory gases and nutrients
- Approx. 8& of body’s mass (5-6 L in males, 4-5 in females) |
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Term
| Blood Composition; Plasma |
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Definition
- Fluid matrix ~55-60%
- 90% water and contains many different kind of molecules (ex. Sodium, urea, oxygen)
- 3 main types of proteins, which help to make plasma more viscous than water (made by liver)
- Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogens |
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Term
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Definition
| type of protein in blood plasma that contributes to oncotic pressure; helps keep water portion of plasma from leaking out of capillaries; most abundant and smallest plasma protein |
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Term
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Definition
| type of protein in blood plasma; include antibodies and blood proteins that transport substances (including lipids) |
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Term
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Definition
| type of protein in blood plasma that helps with blood clot |
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Term
| Blood Composition; Formed Elements |
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Definition
- ~40-45%
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells); constitute the bulk of formed elements
- Thrombocytes (platelets)
- Note: erythrocytes (no nucleus, organelles) and platelets (fragments) aren’t considered true cells |
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Term
| Blood Composition: Hematocrit (Hct) |
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Definition
- Percentage of blood volume that is erythrocytes
- Higher in males than females, related to testosterone
- Males have about 42-52% (average 47)
- Females have about 37-47% (average 42)
- Decreased hematocrit is thinner blood (more plasma) |
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Term
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Definition
- Thickness of a fluid (viscosity of water = 1, plasma = 1.5 – 2)
- Plasma is thicker than water due to proteins
- Whole blood viscosity -= 3-4
- Dehydration does not affect # of cells but will decrease plasma (thus increasing Hct and viscosity)
- When blood stands, coagulation takes place (formed elements and fibrinogen become a clot), leaving serum = plasma with clotting factors removed |
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Term
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Definition
- Known as red blood cells (RBCs)
- Small cells that transport oxygen
- Biconcave disc
- Have a plasma membrane but no organelles and no nucleus (expelled prior to leaving bone marrow)
- Cytoplasm contains hemoglobin: oxygen carrying protein
o Each hemoglobin (Hb) molecule has 4 amino acid chains; each chain has an iron atom for binding oxygen
o Red color of blood comes from oxidation of iron atoms
- Pick up oxygen in lungs and distribute to body
- Are anaerobic (don’t use any oxygen they carry)
- Life span = 100-120 days |
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Term
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Definition
- White blood cells (WBCs)
- Spherical in shape
- Fight disease (outside the bloodstream)
- Are complete cells with organelles, nuclei
- Diapedesis: WBCs squeeze between endothelial cells in capillary walls
- Are produced and stored in bone marrow, released continuously
- Leukocytosis: > 11,000 cells per cubic mm
- 5 types, classified on presence of granules NLMEB (most abundant to least abundant)
o Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
o Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
- Larger and live less time than RBCs
- Have granules and lobes
- Polymorphonuclear: many shapes/sizes of nuclei
- Phagocytic |
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Term
| Granulocytes: Neutrophils |
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Definition
- Granulocyte
- Most abundant type of leukocyte
- Many lobes in nuclei
- Granules are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes
- Consume and destroy bacteria; first line of defense in infection
- Pus: dead neutrophils, other leukocytes, tissue debris, and dead bacteria
Granulocytes: Eosinophils |
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Term
| Granulocytes: Eosinophils |
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Definition
- granulocytes
- Rare (1-4% of all WBCs), found in walls of digestive tube
- Contain digestive enzymes (not for bacteria)
- Allergic reaction (consume allergens, degrade histamine, stop reaction) and parasitic infection (granules release enzymes that attack parasites) |
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Term
|
Definition
- granulocytes
- - Rarest WBCs
- Granules contain histamine, molecules that mediate inflammation
- Role is similar to mast cells; however, mast cells act early and basophils act later |
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Term
| Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes |
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Definition
- Agranulocytes
- - Most important cells of immune system
- Classified as small, medium, large
- Many are present in lymphoid CT (immunity)
- Each acts against specific foreign molecule
o Antigen: any molecule inducing response from leukocyte
o T cells: cytotoxic: (aka killer, CD8*T lymphocyte) cells attack directly, bind to them, punch holes in membrane, cause cell death; Work on “alien” cells that have nucleus, organelles
o B cells: are plasma cells that secrete antibodies, which bind to antigens and “flag” them for phagocytosis; Work on bacteria and toxins
o Natural killer cells: Rapid attack before entire immune response is generated |
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Term
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Definition
- Agranulocyte
- Largest leukocytes
- Transform into macrophages in CT |
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Term
| Complete Blood Count (CBC) |
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Definition
quantifies blood cell types; measures Hct, Hb, concentrations of RBCs, WBCs, platelets
- CBC with differential examines structure abnormalities |
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Term
| Thromobocytes (Platelets) |
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Definition
- Disc-shaped fragments with plasma membrane
- Plug tears in vessel walls to slow down bleeding; release signals for more platelets, constriction of vessel, and inflammation
- Release thromboplastin, which helps clotting begin (fibrinogen also contributes fibrin)
- Clot = mass containing fibrin, platelets, and trapped blood cells
- Embolus = thrombus breaks of vessel wall |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of blood cells; continues through life |
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Term
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Definition
generates blood cells
- at birth all marrow is red
o In adults, red marrow is located in axial skeleton, girdles, proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
o Some cells in red marrow are mesenchymal stem cells (give rise to fat cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, and muscle cells) |
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Term
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Definition
contains fat cells
o In adults, is located in all other regions of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic framework of bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| give rise to all other blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
Blood disorder: RBC
excess RBCs in blood, makes blood too viscous (needs dilution) |
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Term
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Definition
- blood disorder: RBC
RBC or Hb levels are low; caused by blood loss, iron deficiency, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
blood disorder RBC
- defect in Hb causes it to crystallize if O2 low or dehydrated, causing shape of RBS to distort (in turn causes problems) |
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Term
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Definition
- blood disorder: WBC
- cancer, uncontrolled leukocyte formation; cancer cells take over bone marrow, ruin normal blood cell production |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| immature cells from myeloid line |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- blood disorder; platelet
- low platelets in blood; can result from cancer treatment (chemotherapy), bone marrow damage, etc.
Spleen is the organ that destroys platelets and other blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| is a muscular double pump with 2 functions; pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit |
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Term
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Definition
right side receives oxygen poor blood from body and pumps it to lungs
• Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
left side receives oxygen rich blood from lungs and pumps it to body
• Vessels that transport blood to and from body tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| receiving chambers of heart (2) |
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Term
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Definition
| pumping chamber of heart (2) |
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Term
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Definition
- Weighs <1 pound
- Thorax, posterior to sternum, superior surface of diaphragm
- Specifically located in the mediastinum (region between the lungs/pleural cavities)
- Oblique position
- Apex (point) is left of the midline and anterior to the rest of the heart
- Base is broad posterior surface |
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Term
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Definition
| (structure of heart) 3 layered sac that encloses the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer of pericardium (dense CT) |
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Term
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Definition
| deeper 2 layers of pericardium |
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Term
| Parietal layer of serous pericardium |
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Definition
| adheres to surface of fibrous pericardium |
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Term
| Visceral layer of serous pericardium |
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Definition
| aka epicardium; lies on heart; considered part of heart wall |
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Term
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Definition
(layer of heart wall)
- superficial layer (aka visceral layer of serous pericardium), serous membrane |
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Term
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Definition
(layer of heart wall)
- cardiac muscle contracts, cells are arranged in circular/spiral networks called bundles |
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Term
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Definition
(layer of heart wall)
- sheet of endothelium resting on thin CT layer, lines the chambers and covers the valves |
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Term
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Definition
o Blood comes into heart via atria
o Walls are thinner than ventricles
o Contract and push blood into ventricles simultaneously
- 2 of them
o Separated by interatrial septum (not permeable) |
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Term
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Definition
- 2 of them
o Are thicker (especially left side)
o Separated by interventricular septum |
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Term
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Definition
blood going to ___ ____ to right ventricle
- Receives systemic oxygen poor blood via three veins: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
- Right auricle (external): Flap that projects to the left
- 2 portions of internal atrium:
o Posterior part= has smooth walls
o Anterior part= has pectinate muscles
o Separated by crista terminalis = C shaped ridge important for locating sites where veins enter |
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Term
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Definition
- right atrium opens to right ventricle via _______
AKA right atrioventricular AV valve |
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Term
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Definition
- Receives blood from right atrium and pumps it to lungs via pulmonary trunk then arteries
- Forms most of anterior surface of heart (external)
- Internal structures: trabeculea carneae, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, valves between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| cone-shaped muscles that project from wall |
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Term
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Definition
| project superiorly from papillary mucles to valve flaps of tricuspid valve |
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Term
| pulmonary semilunar valve |
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Definition
| valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk AKA pulmonary valve |
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Term
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Definition
- Makes up most of base, receives oxygen rich blood from lungs via pulmonary veins (2 on right and 2 left)
- Auricle is external on anterior side
- Pectinate muscles line auricle only; rest of inside is smooth
- Opens into left ventricle via mitral (bicuspid) valve (left atrioventricular (AV) valve) |
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Term
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Definition
- Forms apex of heart, pumps blood systemically
- Similar to right ventricle, with trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
- Sends blood to body via aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve) |
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Term
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Definition
| function is to prevent backflow of blood; AV valve and semilunar vavles |
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Term
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Definition
- atrioventricular Valve
- Between atria and ventricles (there are 2)
- Right side valve is known as tricuspid or right AV
- Left side is known as bicuspid, left AV, or mitral (miter is the hat that bishops wear – valve looks like one) |
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Term
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Definition
- both have 2 cusps
- - Between ventricles and vessels leaving the heart (arteries)
- Right side is between right ventricle and pulmonary artery (called right semilunar or pulmonary valve)
- Left side is between left ventricle and aorta (called left semilunar or aortic valve) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| atrial contraction followed by ventricle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| sound is made by valves when they close |
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Term
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Definition
| closing of AV valves at beginning of ventricular systole |
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Term
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Definition
| closing of semilunar valves at end of ventricular systole |
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Term
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Definition
- Made of dense CT
- Prevents valves from opening too far
- Muscle insertion for cardiac bundles
- Blocks spread of electrical impulses directly from atria to ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
- Measured by electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)
- Remember that cardiac cells have ability to contract on their own – but signals usually starts with the peacemaker
- Overview of the conduction pathway: SA node, intermodal pathway, AV node, Atrioventricular bundle, left/right bundle branches, Purkinje fibers |
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Term
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Definition
- sinoatrial
- - Considered the peacemaker, beats 70-80 bpm
- Located in superior/posterior wall of right atrium
- Produces signal that spreads electrical impulse across both atria
- Valves are open |
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Term
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Definition
| some impulses spread through this area on the way to AV node |
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Term
|
Definition
- atrioventricular
- - Located at inferior aspect of interatrial septum
- Delays impulse so that atria contract first and ventricles finish filling |
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Term
|
Definition
- Bundle of His
- located in interventricular septum |
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Term
| Left/Right bundle branches |
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Definition
| - Branches from atrioventricular bundle, take signal to apex of heart |
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Term
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Definition
(subendocardial branches)
- Approach apex and turn into ventricular walls, located in between endocardium and myocardium
- Are special cells (Purkinje myocytes) that maximize signal conduction |
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Term
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Definition
- Vagus nerve acts on parasympathetic innervations to SA and AV nodes – also coronary vessels
- Sympathetic system also affects SA and AV nodes (and cardiac muscle) via cervical/upper thoracic spinal nerves |
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Term
| Blood Supply To and From Heart |
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Definition
- Blood inside chambers doesn’t supply heart muscle itself
- Right and left coronary arteries branch off of aorta to serve heart
- Left coronary artery branches into anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery – supplies left atrium and ventricles
- Right coronary artery branches into marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery – supplies right atrium and almost all of right ventricle
- Cardiac veins return deoxygenated blood (coronary sinus is largest)
o Great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein drain into coronary sinus |
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Term
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Definition
| Coronary Artery Disease; fatty deposits accumulate in body’s arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| Coronary Artery Disease; hardening/loss of elasticity of the arteries for any reason (NOT the same as atherosclerosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Coronary Artery Disease; arteries supplying the heart are blocked or narrowed (consequence of atherosclerosis) |
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Term
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Definition
Coronary Artery Disease;
: chest pain due to low oxygen supply to heart muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Coronary Artery Disease; heart attack; complete or prolonged coronary artery blockage (cardiac muscle cells die due to lack of oxygen) |
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Term
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Definition
| Coronary Artery Disease; : heart blood flow is interrupted, but there is no pain involved |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| : heart enlarges and pumping efficiency decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| Conduction system disorders; variation from normal rhythm of heartbeat |
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Term
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Definition
conduction system of heart is disturbed
- conduction system disorder |
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Term
| Atrial Fibrillation or Ventricular fibrillation |
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Definition
-type of fibrillation
conduction system disorder |
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Term
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Definition
- make up piping for blood flow thru out the body
- runs thru organs and tissues to supply nutrients and pick up wastes
- Major types are arteries, capillaries, and veins
- Arteries branch as they leave the heart, and veins come together as they carry blood to the heart |
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Term
| Structure of Vessel Walls |
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Definition
| - Lumen, Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa |
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Term
|
Definition
o Endothelium – simple squamous epithelium
o Subendothelial layer- loose CT (vessels > 1mm)
- structure of vessel wall |
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Term
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Definition
o Smooth muscle (contraction = constriction)
o Elastin & collagen (assist with elasticity
- structure of vessel wall |
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Term
|
Definition
o Connective tissue (lots of collagen and elastic fibers)
o Protection and strength
- structure of vessel wall |
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Term
|
Definition
Type of Vessels
- Carry blood AWAY from heart
- High pressure and flow vessels
- Deeper location than veins
- More smooth muscle than veins
- Types: Elastic, Muscular, Arterioles, Metarterioles |
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Term
|
Definition
• Largest arteries near the heart
• Lots of elastin
• Recoils in order to help keep flow continuous at capillaries (dampens pulsatile flow) |
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Term
|
Definition
• Supply organs, parts of organs, and groups of organs
• Have thickest tunica media
• Have internal and external elastic lamina
• Smooth muscle in tunica media regulates flow
• Contraction of smooth muscle = vasoconstriction
• Relaxation of smooth muscle = vasodilatation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
• Smallest arteries
• Tunica media only has 1-2 layers of smooth muscle
• Diameter regulated by:
• Local factors (ex. Nitric oxide, prostaglandins, adenosine)
• Sympathetic NS activity (epinephrine, norephinephrine) |
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Term
|
Definition
- Smallest vessels
- Composed of single layer of endothelial cells
- Site of gas and nutrient exchange
o All tissues nutrients for wastes
o Lungs: exchange gases (and oxidative tissues)
o Intestine: exchange digested nutrients
o Endocrine glands: release hormones
o Kidney: removes wastes |
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Definition
o Network of body’s smallest vessels
o Metarterioles
• Intermediate between arteriole and capillary
• Pre-capillary sphincters control flow
o True capillary
• Gas and nutrient exchange
o Thoroughfare channel
• Intermediate between venule and capillary |
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Definition
- Endothelial cells are held together by tight junctions (and some desmosomes)
o Tight junctions do not surround entire perimeter of endothelial cells – leave gaps where small molecules can enter and leave
o Continuous capillaries: do not have pores
o Fenestrated capillaries: have pores that span the endothelial cells
- Diffusion through endothelial cell membranes and fenestrations are 2 of 4 routes or permeability |
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Definition
- Take blood toward the heart
- Low pressure vessels
- More superficial location than arteries
- Less smooth muscle than arteries
- Thinner walls than arteries
- Types: Venules and Veins |
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Definition
- Valves: blood flow toward heart pushes cusps apart, and backflow pushes cusps together
- Body movement: simply moving the body (ex. Swinging a limb) moves blood
- Muscular Pumps: skeletal muscles press against veins
- Venous Vasoconstriction: possible, but not the same as in arteries |
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Definition
- Where vessels unite or interconnect
- Arterial anastomoses provide collateral channels
- Venous anastomoses more abundant |
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Definition
- Little vessels (tiny arteries, capillaries, veins) that supply larger arteries and veins with nutrients
- Feeds outer half of vessel – located in tunica externa
- Luminal blood feeds inner half
- Small vessels get full supply from luminal blood |
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Definition
- pulmonary circuit
- artery that takes blood to the lungs, branches in to right and left pulmonary arteries
- - Each pulmonary artery branches into lobar arteries, which branch smaller and smaller until they are capillaries |
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Definition
- pulmonary circuit
- (4 or them, 2 from each lung) bring blood back to the heart |
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Definition
- - Aorta: ascending: R and L coronary arteries
- Arch
o Brachiocephalic trunk
• Right common carotid and right subclavian
o Left common carotid
o Left subclavian
- Descending
o Thoracic Aorta
o Abdominal Aorta
• Right Common Iliac
• Left Common Iliac |
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Definition
| Subclavian, Axillary, Brachial, Radial, Ulnar, Palmar Arches |
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Definition
Upper limb
- underlies clavicle |
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Definition
upper limb
supplies breast, shoulder, scapular areas |
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upper limb
supplies medial forearm |
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upper limb
supplies medial forearm |
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upper limb
-superficial and deep
-supplies hand |
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Definition
| - common iliac arteries, External Iliac Artery, femorall iliac artery, popliteal artery, anterior tibal artery, posterior tibal artery |
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Definition
arteries of lower limb
goes to lower limbs |
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Definition
arteries of lower limb
supplies pelvic region |
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Definition
arteries of lower limb
supplies thigh muscles |
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Definition
arteries of lower limb
supplies knee |
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Definition
arteries of lower limb
supplies crural region |
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Definition
arteries of lower limb
supplies sural region |
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Term
| Difference in Artery and Vein Distribution |
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Definition
o 1 artery leaves LV, 3 veins enter RA
o Arteries are deep, veins are mostly superficial
o Usually have several parallel veins rather than 1 large vein
o 2 unusual venous drainage areas in body:
• Dural Sinuses
• Hepatic Portal System |
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Definition
| superior vena cava, Brachiocephalic Veins, internal jugular, subclavian, external jugular, coronary sinus, inferior vena cava, common iliac veins |
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Definition
systemic veins
receives blood from body regions superior to diaphragm (except heart)
formed by L and R Brachiocephalic Veins |
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Definition
systemic veins
formed by internal jugular and subclavian |
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Definition
systemic veins
receives blood fro dural sinuses |
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Definition
systemic veins
receives blood from upper limb |
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Definition
systemic veins
receives blood from scalp and parts of face |
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Definition
systemic veins
drains blood that supplies heart muscles |
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Definition
systemic veins
returns blood from all areas inferior to diaphragm
formed by union of common iliac veins |
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Definition
systemic veins
returns blood from lower limbs |
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Definition
- Palmar Arches (Deep and Superficial)
o Receive blood from hand
- Radial Vein
- Ulnar Vein
- Brachial Vein
- Axillary Vein
- Cephalic Vein
o Joins axillary vein
- Basilic Vein
o Joins brachial vein at start of axillary vein
- Subclavian Vein |
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Definition
- Anterior Tibial Vein
o From dorsalis pedis
- Posterior Tibial Vein
o From plantar arch
- Popliteal Vein
- Femoral Vein
- External Iliac Vein
- Internal Iliac Vein
- Common Iliac Vein
o Empties into inferior vena cava
- Great Saphenous Vein
o Empties into femoral vein from medial lower leg |
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Definition
blood vessel disorder
o Blood pooling in veins of anal canal |
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Definition
blood vessel disorder
o Clot formation in vein of lower extremity which travels and blocks flow in another vessel |
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Definition
blood vessel disorder
o Faulty venous valves cause blood pooling
o Common in obesity and pregnancy |
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Definition
blood vessel disorder
o Saclike widening of a vessel increasing risk of rupture
o Very dangerous in brain |
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Definition
blood vessel disorder
o Pathological thickening and loss of elasticity
two types |
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Definition
blood vessel disorder; type of Arteriosclerosis
• Occurs with age
• Smooth muscle & elastin replaced with fibrous tissue |
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Definition
blood vessel disorder; type of Arteriosclerosis
• Occurs in Tunica Intima
• Initially caused by entrance LDL into intimal layer which eventually causes plaque formation
• Eventually thrombosis forms and can block arteries
• Best prevention is low-fat diet and exercise |
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Definition
- Phase 1
Blood under low pressure flows into the left and right atria from the pulmonary vein (left) and vena cava (right).
As atria fill pressure against atrioventricular valves pushes them open and blood starts leaking into the ventricles.
The atria walls the contract forcing more blood into the ventricles. |
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Definition
- Phase 3
Atria and ventricles relax during diastole. Elastic recoil lowers pressure in the atria and ventricles.
Blood under higher pressure in the arteries is drawn back towards the ventricles, closing the semi-lunar valves and preventing further backflow.
The coronary arteries fill during diastole. Low pressure in the atria helps draw blood into the heart from the veins. |
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Term
| Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin which has four amino acid chains and one iron atom per chain that binds to oxygen. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Left atrium forms the apex of the heart. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Leukocytes are complete cells that contain organelles and nuclei. T/F |
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Definition
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| Tunica externa contains the smooth muscle T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Pancreas is a pure endocrine organ T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Melanocyte stimulating hormone stimulates secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcitonin retains calcium, and is secreted by the thyroid gland T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The left and right atria are separated by the interventricular septum T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Crista terminalis are muscle ridges on the walls of the heart ventricles T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Pulmonary semilunar valve is located between the left ventricle and aorta T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| A thoroughfare channel is an intermediate vessel between arteriole and capillary T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The left subclavian artery branches off of brachiocephalic trunk T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The external iliac artery supplies the blood to the pelvic region T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The heart valve through which blood travels as it enters into the right ventricle is the.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following hormones is released by the neurohypophysis?.... |
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Definition
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| Which of the following is the correct order of anatomical structures encountered by oxygenated blood entering the heart from the pulmonary circulation? ... |
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Definition
| Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, aortic valve |
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Term
| _____ delays cardiac impulse so the ventricles fill completely |
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Definition
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Term
| The right ventricle of the heart pumps blood into which vessel?... |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is a stress hormone secreted by adrenal cortex and targets liver |
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Definition
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Term
| delays cardiac impulse so the ventricles fill completely |
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Definition
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Term
| Hematocrit is the percentage of the blood volume that is.... |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________________________ is the middle layer of the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Earlike flaps on the surface of the atria |
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Term
| ___________ is located on the top of pericardial sac in the mediastinum. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is secreted by GI tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenal medulla secretes which of the following.... |
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Definition
| NE and EPI (all of above) |
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT found in blood plasma |
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Definition
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Term
| ______drains blood that supplies the heart |
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Definition
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Definition
| React to allergic reactions and parasitic infections |
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Term
| The thoracic aorta continues from the.... |
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Definition
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Term
| insulin is released in ____state and his ____ effect |
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Definition
| hyperglycemic; hypoglycemic |
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Term
| The right ventricle pumps blood into which vessel? .... |
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Definition
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Term
| this gland responds to humoral stimuli ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the least abundant type of leukocyte?.... |
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Definition
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Term
| This disorder is caused by inability of cells to react to insulin when blood sugar is high.... |
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Definition
| Diabetes Mellitus Type II |
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Term
| During ventricular systole, blood is ... |
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Definition
| Forced from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary trunk |
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Term
| Which of the following is a branch off of the left coronary artery?... |
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Definition
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Term
| Trabeculae carneae are found in the ... |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ is made of dense connective tissue, and anchors valve cusps preventing them from opening too far. |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasympathetic system ________________ heart rate, _______________ saliva secretion, and ________________ sweat secretion.... |
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Definition
| Decrease, Increase, doesn't effect |
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Term
| Globulins in blood plasma... |
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Definition
| Transport lipid substances in blood |
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Term
| Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle tissue?... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the clinical term for variation of normal heart rhythm?... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a sac like widening or outpocketing of an artery |
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Term
| What prevents backflow of blood in veins... |
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Definition
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Term
| which artery supplies lateral forearm... |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following vessels does NOT carry oxygenated blood?... |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT produced by the gonads? |
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Definition
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| Which vessels have internal and external elastic lamina?... |
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Definition
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Term
1. _____________________________ is the process of formation of blood cells.
2. Name one agranulocyte and describe what it does.
3. Describe the thyroid gland including location, list two hormones secreted, and describe their trgaets/effects.
4. List all three layers of the heart wall.
5. List two hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary, and list their targets/effects.
6. _________________________ is accumulation of fatty deposits in the arterial walls resulting in narrowed or blocked vessels.
7. _____________________________ are special cells that maximize cardiac impulse conduction through the apex of the heart, and the ventricular walls.
8. Explain the structure and location of pericardial cavity.
9. ________________________ are little vessels that supply larger arteries and veins with nutrients.
10. __________________________ empties into femoral vein from medial lower leg. |
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Definition
| Hematopoiesis 2. monocyte: largest leukocytes; transforms into macrophages in CT 3. Located in the anterior necl, secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin Targets: almost all body tissues and Effects: increase metabolic rate, stimulate protein synthesis 4. Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium 5. follicle stimulating hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone. Targets other endocrine glands Effects: generally stimulates tissue growth and gland secretion, essential for growth, development, and maturation 6. atherosclerosis 7. Purkinje fibers 8. Lies between the two layers of the serous pericardium, it contains serous fluid 9. vasa vasorum 10. great saphenous vein |
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