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| Personality and Sport Theories |
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Definition
- No clear personality differences between athletes and non athletes.
- No differences between athletes in different sports.
- There are differences between successful and unsuccessful athletes but it is not innate. (More self-confident, highly determined, better coping strategies)
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| Personality and Exercise Theories |
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- No specific exercise personality
- Certain characteristics strongly predict excercise behavior.
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- various theories to explain how athletes become and stay motivated.
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- An athlete who defines success in sport as being the best is more likely to suffer from low motivation.
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| Cognitive Evaluation Theory |
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- An athlete who is intrinsicly motivated is more likely to continue their sport than someone that is extrinsicly motivated.
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- Helps us to understand what an athlete sees as the cause of their performance outcome.
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- How an individual's beliefs about his capabilities to perform a task can influence motivation and behavior.
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- Various theories to explain the relationship between arousal and athletic performance.
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- There is an optimal level of arousal for any given sport.
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- Process such as imagery can lead to enhanced performance.
(Imagining the game) |
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- For any given behavior change, a person can be classified according to their readiness and willingness to change.
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- Investigation of the principles of human movement.
(Picking up a glass) |
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- The study of neurophysiological factors that effect human movement.
- (Interested in the brain, motor neurons, and pathway)
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- The brain is like a computer
- We have preprogrammed movement patterns that send signals to joints and muscles.
- Their is an executive level of control for all movements.
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- Brain does not work like a computer
- Emerge naturally as a result of complex interactions.
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- Human motor system is capable of spontaneously adjusting itself.
- Works to be in the best form of movement at any given time.
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- The study in changes of motor behavior.
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- Interaction of maturation and the environment.
- Changes across lifespan.
- The process which underlie these changes
- The factors that affect these changes. (sport, family, school, location)
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- The study of an individual through progressive and regressive phases of development.
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- The study of practice in acquiring and perfecting motor skills.
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- Quantitative: performance
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- Emphasizes on the movement itself.
- Qualitative: form and function
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| Interdisciplinary Results |
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- Motor behavior overlaps study of movement.
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- Internal knowledge of performance
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- Feedback recieved by an outside factor such as a coach.
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| Human Movement Is Based On... |
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- Involves study of the body and interrelationships among forces on the body.
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- Length-tension relationship
- Force-velocity relationship
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- Muscle has strands of proteins. In order to contract, sacromere must contract towards the center.
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- Strands of protein within a muscle.
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- Smallest functional unit within muscle cell.
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| Length-Tension Relationship |
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- There is an optimal length for force development. It cannot be strained.
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| Force-Velocity Relationship |
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Definition
- The faster you move, the less force you generate.
- Slow=more force
- fast=less force
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- The relationship between stress and strain.
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| Main Studies in Biomechanics |
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- System at a constant state of motion.
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- System that undergoes acceleration (Force is applied to it).
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- Movement description without considering force and torque.
- Ex. How fast does it move, how far does it move
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- The study of movement due to force and torque.
- Ex. What causes translation or rotation of an object.
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- Measurement of muscle activity by the help of electro sensors
- Muscle contraction is caused by the electric signal to the muscles.
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- Sports
- Forensics
- Engineering
- Clinical
- Applied
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| Goals of Sports Biomechanics |
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Definition
- Improve sports performance
- Develop effective training methods
- Develop new and more effective sports equipment
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- Human factor engineering or Ergonomics.
- Ex. Designing prosthetic devices, artificial organs
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- Developing new surgical devices or techniques
- Designing new rehabilitation exercises or devises
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- Investigate accidents and injuries from a mechanical prospective.
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- Knowing where your body is in space.
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| 4 Factors that Effect Stability |
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- Relationship between line of gravity and base of support
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- The heavier the object, the greater the stability.
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- The lower the center of mass, the greater one's stability.
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- The nearer the line of gravity to the center of the base of support, the greater the stability.
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