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  • Likes idea of republic rather than military dictatorship
  • developed interest in German tribes because of tribe like lifestyle and it reminded him of old Rome
  • gained info from German slaves and veterans
  • wrote about German tribes outside of the Roman empire
  • gave educated Romans ideas of what they were like

• made up of unpaid soldiers
• fighters are gathered when a leader needs men to help him attack an enemy

• amount of compensation paid to the attacked party to make up for injury or killing someone
• "bloody money"
• peace offering

• test/magic to determine whether someone has committed a crime used by Germanic tribes

• where tribal issues would be discussed.
• example: who they would go to war with

• Huns were feared by the Germans
• Atilla was leader of the Huns:::known as the scourge of the gods
• Germans believed he came as a sign from god

• lived in Northern Africa
• became Christians to help merge with Romans

• invading Germanic tribe from Southern Britain and also the north coast of Europe

• christian heretics

• Germanic tribe from the area of modern day France
• some Franks joined German troops in Gaul

• Gregory was bishop of Tours and wrote History of the Franks
• Franks were the first Germanic people to go catholic
• Clovis the king of Franks converted to Catholicism

• King of Franks
• first baptized Germanic king
• first Catholic monarch of Europe

• Frankish King and Emperor
• protected Western popes
• son of Pepin the Short
• "Papal Protector" in Italy and his policy of terittorial conquest in the north
• under his rule, the Franks controlled modern day France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, almost all of Germany and Italy, and a portion of Spain
• sacred palace was Aachen

• the name of Charlemagne's empire after Pope Leo III crowned him emperor
• revival, based after 870 in Germany, of the old Roman empire in the west
• mutually beneficial to the church and Charlemagne

• French peasant revolt
• unpopular

• a ritual act with the use of holy water by which one is admitted to the membership of the Christian church
• must be baptized to be saved
• baptism is seen in one sense as salvation

• Catholic
• leader of a Cathedral
• ruled an area called a diocese

• repentance of sins
• talking with Catholic priest for forgiveness

• kicking someone out of the Catholic church

• where you work to purify your soul
• an in between state of heaven and hell
• a place to complete punishment upon entering heaven

• excommunication of entire town
• shut down of a church in one area

• derived from the Petrine Doctrine
• Christ gave Peter power over the church
• all bishops including the Pope rule over their dioceses

• usually the bishop of the Catholic church
• make up the college of Cardinals: they elect and serve the new Pope

• palace of the Pope's location

• 1309-1376
• time when Pope's made Avignon their residence

• Time where two Popes at the same time tried to rule

• Petrarch's sonnets to Laura
• Giovanni Boccaccio

• heretics who believed that church consists of what the Bible says
• Jan-hus was buried alive
• he never admitted that Catholicism was the true church
• heart of protestant reformation

Definition: refers to the social, political, military, and economic system that emerged from harsh conditions(starving people in need of protection)

Lords: like kings, tried to gather as many vassels as possible to fight for them, and gave "fief" or land as payment

Vassels: created by extensive bestowels of land, and these developed into a predominent professional military class with its own code of knightly conduct. "gang in waiting"

Oathes: swore fealty to the lord: promised to refrain from any action that might in any way threaten the lord's well being. Perfomed personal services for the lord upon request. Their military duty was a mounted knight.

Fiefs: either monotary or land compensation given to vassels for their services

Clergy: by religious training and ordination(nothing to do with birth or military prowess)

regular: comprised the order of monks who lived according to special acidic rule(regula) in cloysters separate from the world

secular: those who lived and worked directly among the laity in the world, formed a vast hierarchy

Nobility: fought heretics, infidels, and invaders. waging war was their sole occupation. never very reformed

higher: great landowners and territorial magnates, for a long time they were the dominant power in their region

lower: petty landlords, descendants of minor knights, newly rich merchants, or wealthy farmers

Peasants: lowest of the classes, worked the land and normally uneducated

• holy war to gain back holy land mentioned in the Bible(Palestine)

• payment to vassel for service

• Catholic Philsopher
• Priest of the Roman Catholic church of the Domincan Order from Italy
• immensely influencial philosopher and theologan in the tradition of scholasticism

• a medieval European conception of nobly and chivalrously expressing love and admiration
• generally courtly love was secret and between members of the nobility
• was also generally not practiced between husband and wife

• England vs France
• 1339-1453
• cause:Kind Edward III the grandson of Phillip the Fair of France claimed the French throne. More of a struggle of national identity.
• result: England beat France despite France having many advantages. France was still struggling to make the transition from a fragmented Feudal society to a centralized modern state. France was finally able to expel the English from France thanks to in part Joan of Arc. It devistated France but helped awaken French nationalism and hastened the country's transition from Feudal system to centralization. Peasants were affected the most during the war.

• English territory in France
• remaind English until the end of the 100 years war when it was annexed by France from the 13th century until the French Revolution, it is usually known as Guyenne

• English document that stated that King John had to answer to the law as well
• authority of the law over the king

• Application in medieval theology that placed its origins in methodical reasoning and answering the questions that Christianity posed

• famous abbey in France

• new orders of Domincans and Franciscans

• Pope issued a bull which forbade lay taxation without prior Papal approval

• religious symbol or divine grace

• scholarly study of Latin, Greek classics and the ancient church fathers, both for their own sake to promote a rebirth of ancient norms and values
• advocate studia, humanitias(a liberal arts program)

• Italian humanist and scholar

• spent tons of money on the fine arts

• Known for his sale of indulgences

• Italian Poet

• Italian poet who originated the Italian sonnet

• wrote The Prince

• a book about the Bubonic Plague and its effects

Castiliogne- an Italain courtier/diplomat

The book told of how to be a perfect courtier, and later, how to be a lady

• A humanist, Catholic Priest, and theologian. 
• Wrote in "pure" latin language. 
• Translated Greek and Latin versions of New Testament. 

• Empire: Germany, the Low Countries, Burgundy, Spain, and the 'New World' lands
• Ruled Holy Roman Empire and Spanish Empire from 1519 till 1556

• Introduced modern book printing
• Led to the Printing Revolution

• English
• Counsellor to Henry VIII
• Wrote "Utopia"

- 16th Century Uprising in Germany

- Largest and most widespread revolt prior to French Revolution

-Leader of Reformation in Switzerland

-Preached in Zurich on reforming the Catholic Church

-A meeting at Marburg Castle between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli

-Tried to unite the Protestant states in political alliance

-General Assembly in city of Worms

-Most memorable for the Edict of Worms (addressing Martin Luther)

-Written by Martin Luther

-Primary Catalyst of Protestant Reformation

-Protests clerical abuses, especially indulgences

-Pastor during Protestant Reformation

-Fled to Switzerland and continued his seminal work (Geneva)

-Wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion"

-Believed in 'predestination'

-reject conventional christian practices

-can be baptized after birth

-ex. Mennonites 

-Prominent European royal house

-King of England, King of Ireland, several Queens

-Founded by King Henry VII

-King of England

-Wanted a son

-Had many wives trying to get a son

-led to English Reformation that made England a Protestant nation

-Queen of England, first wife of Henry VIII

-Henry VIII had their marriage annulled, leading to a break from the Roman Catholic Church

- Repealed the Protestant legislation made by her brother Edward VI

-led to severe religious persecution

-Married Mary I

-King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, England and Ireland

-Ruled in every continent then known to Europeans

-Queen regnant from 1558 of England and Ireland

-Last of the Tudor Monarchs

-Daughter of Henry VIII

-16th Century council of the Roman Catholic Church

-Considered to be one of the church's most important concils

-Issued condemnations for what it defined as Protestant heresies

-Follow teaching of Catholic Church

-Found by St. Ignatius of Loyola

-primary allegiance to the pope

-Society of priests and brothers

-Civil fighting in France between French Catholics and Protestants

-Lasted 36 years

-A targeted group of assassinations of Roman Calvinist Protestants

-Instigated by Catherine Medici after Protestant Henry III married into the family