Term
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Definition
| mental representation of a particular problem |
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Term
| initial states to goal states |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
procedure guaranteeing the goal state if followed correctly
ex. cooking recipe
vs
-cognitive shortcuts
judgmental rules known as knowledge structures that are learned and stored in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| tools or actions that lead you from one state to another |
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Term
| well defined vs ill defined problems |
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Definition
playing chess (clear goal)
vs
paint a beautiful picture (unclear goal) |
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Term
| generate and test (trial and error) |
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Definition
-Trying a variety of solutions one at a time and eliminating those that do not work
-Its effectiveness depends on the range of possible solutions |
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Term
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Definition
-Trying to always move closer to the goal state
-It may not work for problems that require temporarily moving away from the goal state |
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Term
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Definition
-Comparing the goal to the current state and choosing a step that maximally reduces the difference
-It often involves breaking up a problem into smaller problems and creating subgoals
-Demanding and often difficult to apply |
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Term
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Definition
-Analyzing the goal state to determine the last step needed to achieve it, then the next-to-last step, etc
-Highly effective for some problems
-does not work well with:
--Problems with many paths that can lead to the goal state
--Problems with many intervening steps |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to keep using a non-optimal strategy based on previous successful experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty in seeing alternate uses for common objects |
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Term
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Definition
The benefit of setting a problem aside for a while
(Evidence: Silveira’s (1971) study on the cheap necklace problem) |
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Term
| incomplete or incorrect representation of the problem |
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Definition
cs
Representational problems sometimes stem from working memory limitations
-It is difficult to accurately represent all relevant pieces of information in working memory |
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Term
| lack of domain-specific knowledge |
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Definition
general heuristics often need to be augmented by domain specific knowledge
ex chess
-experts’ knowledge is more systematic and better organized |
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Term
| deductive vs inductive reasoning |
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Definition
Drawing a logically certain and specific conclusion from a set of general premises (general-->specific)
vs
Reaching a probable general conclusion, based on a set of specific facts (specific-->general) |
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Term
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Definition
P implies Q; P is asserted to be true, so therefore Q must be true
if you do this, this will happen |
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Term
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Definition
If the watch-dog detects an intruder, the dog will bark.
The dog did not bark
Therefore, no intruder was detected by the watch-dog
if you don't do this, this won't happen |
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Term
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Definition
premise leads to conclusion
invalid
inverse error |
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Term
| affirmation of the consequent |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| confirmation vs disconfirmation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| confirming beliefs, not challenging them |
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Term
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Definition
suicide notes, feedback
confirmation bias |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| value of the factor to you |
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Term
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Definition
probability fo an outcome x utility of the outcome
calculating best utility, but often based off of nothing that has to do with utility (but potential gains or losses) |
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Term
| multiattribute utility theory |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
two things explained differently, but both have the same meaning
loss-risk seeking
gains-risk averse |
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Term
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Definition
A strategy based on how easily relevant examples can be retrieved from memory
Example: do most people die from homicide or diabetes? |
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Term
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Definition
the strategy of relying on resemblance when you really need probability
-usually efficient
ex. this applicant looks like the hard working secretary, they must be hard working |
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Term
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Definition
An erroneous belief that small samples can be representative of the target population
(larger sample-->more accurate) |
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Term
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Definition
ex. coin toss.
homogeneity
representativeness vs probability |
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Term
| anchoring and adjustment heuristic |
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Definition
-One begins a first approximation (anchoring)
-And then makes adjustments on the bases of additional information (adjustment) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ventromedial prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
| certain aspects of decision making |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| new learning interferes with old |
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Term
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Definition
| old learning interferes new |
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Term
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Definition
| forgetting is rapid initially |
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Term
| distributed spaced learning |
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Definition
| more effective than massed learning |
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Term
| expanding retrieval practice |
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Definition
| highly effective, steadily increasing teh time intervals between successive learning sessions |
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Term
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Definition
Craik and lockhart
info retention depends on the kind of processing you do at encoding |
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Term
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Definition
the closer the batch between the encoding and retrieval contexts, the more successful the retrieval
state/mood dependent learning
if you know what the content will be |
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Term
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Definition
encode info in various ways
if you don't know what the content will be |
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Term
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Definition
survey
question
read
recite
review |
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Term
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Definition
awareness of our memory system
-feeling of knowing
-judgements of learning
-often inaccurate
absent info, delayed judgement of learning, high scores on exam |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
forming concrete if then intentions
more effective than goal intentions |
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Term
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Definition
| driveway-grapefruit-grapefruit on driveway |
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Term
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Definition
where
-parietal lobe
-processing spatial info-location |
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Term
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Definition
what
-temporal lobe
-processing visual info-shape, color |
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Term
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Definition
cross motor
left-person
right-veggies |
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Term
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Definition
rods
-periphery
-night vision
-colorless
cones
-center region
-day vision
-color RGB |
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Term
| hemispheric specialization |
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Definition
left
-lang
-local mmmmm
right
--visuospatial processing
-global info (general) M |
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Term
| recognition by common objects theory |
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Definition
| each object can be decomposed into basic elements falled geons |
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Term
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Definition
| additional info based on prior experiences and dkowledge |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
visual
can't discriminate objects or copy/match simple shapes |
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Term
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Definition
visual
can copy, can't recognize objects |
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Term
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Definition
faces
cannot recognize them, even their own! |
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Term
analysis by parts
vs
holistic analysis |
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Definition
features, geons-word and object
vs
faces |
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Term
early
vs
late selection theories |
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Definition
only attended info is encoded, cocktail
vs
all info encoded |
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Term
visual selective attention
flexible spotlight
glue |
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Definition
movable, flexible
different features of an object are processed separately |
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Term
simple feature
vs
conjoint search |
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Definition
pop out effect
strong effect of distractor size |
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Term
divided attention
capacity theory |
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Definition
limited capacity
flexible, but smart, allocation of resources |
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Term
peripheral interference hypoth
or
attentional hypoth |
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Definition
physical constraints (holding phone)
or
diversion of attention win |
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Term
controlled
and
automatic processes |
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Definition
deliberate mental resources
unfamiliar tasks, new skills
minmal mental resources
familiar, skilled tasks |
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Term
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Definition
red green blue
replace word color with different color |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
classical conditioning
repetition, dancing playig piano |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| are bananas edible, general knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
external info-sensory store-STM-LTM
selective attention maintenance rehearsal |
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Term
| realease from proactive interference |
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Definition
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Term
parallel searchserial exhaustive search
vs
serial self terminating search |
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Definition
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Term
| baddeleys theory of working memory |
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Definition
WM is active system for complex cognition WM processing
multiple subsystems
phonological loop-speech
visuospatial-temp storage of visual and spatial info |
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Term
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Definition
semantic memory
knowledge of objects what cats are like |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge of sequence events that usually take place in airport |
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Term
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Definition
misleading postevent info
subtle word choices |
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Term
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Definition
highly emotional
vivid and confident
frequent retelling or hearing
may not be accurate |
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Term
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Definition
permanent deficit of episodic memory, clive
still have STM, semantic, procedural memory, implicit memory |
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Term
explicit memory
recognition |
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Definition
| LTM and retrieval consciously |
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Term
| mental scanning and rotation |
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Definition
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Term
implicit memory
tachistoscopic id
word fragment completion |
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Definition
| LTM that can affect thought and behavior without conscious awareness |
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Term
| visual perception and imagery share neural substrates |
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Definition
| overlap but both have distinctiveness |
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Term
hierarchical structure
arbitrariness
predisposition for acquiring lang |
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Definition
morphemes, phonemes,
productivity-infinite seentences, displacement-time and space
humans are:bio/genetic factors |
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Term
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Definition
lang acquistion occurs early in life for native level competence
syntax, phonology
musical ability |
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Term
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Definition
primary motor cortex
speech is slow and effortful, lacks function words and grammatical endings
understands what being asked, fail to put a sentence together
auditory area
speech is fluent, but nonsensical
severe comprehension problems |
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Term
| Swinneys study on lexical ambiguity res |
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Definition
WORK VS WROK
priming
bread-butter faster
bread-nurse slower
both meanings get activated automatically
contextual info determines which meaning 750 ms |
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Term
linguistic determinism
linguistic relativity |
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Definition
form and characteristics -little support
different langs thing and percieve differently -some evidence |
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