Abbey Whitewood

Period 6/7

Chapter 9

Society of the Cincinnati

Description and Historical Significance: The Society of the Cincinnati is an historical, hereditary lineage organization with branches in the United States and France, founded in 1783 to preserve the ideals and fellowship of the American Revolutionary War officers. The city of Cincinnati, Ohio, then a small village, was named after the Society. Now in its third century, the Society promotes public interest in the American Revolution through its library and museum collections, exhibitions, programs, publications, and other activities.

Chapter 9

Disestablished

Description and Historical Significance: Disestablishmentarianism refers to campaigns to sever links between church and state, particularly in relation to the Church of England as an established church. It was initially a movement in the United Kingdom in the 18th century. The established churches in Wales and Ireland could not count on even nominal adherence by a majority of the population of those countries. In Ireland, the predominantly Catholic population campaigned against the position of the established Anglican Church of England - eventually disestablished in Ireland in 1869. In England there was a campaign by Liberals, dissenters and nonconformists to disestablish the Church of England in the 19th century. The campaigners were called "Liberationists" (the "Liberation Society" was founded by Edward Miall in 1853). This campaign failed, but nearly all of the legal disabilities of nonconformists were gradually dismantled. The campaign for disestablishment was revived in the 20th century when Parliament rejected the 1929 revision of the Book of Common Prayer, leading to calls for separation of Church and State to prevent political interference in matters of worship. In the late 20th century, reform of the House of Lords also brought into question the position of the Lords Spiritual.

Chapter 9

Virginia Statute for

Religious Freedom

Description and Historical Significance: The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was drafted in 1777 (though it was not first introduced into the Virginia General Assembly until 1779) by Thomas Jefferson in the city of Fredericksburg, Virginia. In 1786, the Assembly enacted the statute into the state's law. The statute disestablished the Church of England in Virginia and guaranteed freedom of religion to people of all religious faiths, including Catholics and Jews as well as members of all Protestant denominations. The statute was a notable precursor of the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Chapter 9

Civic Virtue

Description and Historical Significance: Civic virtue is the cultivation of habits of personal living that are claimed to be important for the success of the community. Important aspects of civic virtue include polite conversation, civilized behavior, industry and a bona fides approach to one's participation in society. Polite or civil conversation includes concepts of listening to what others have to say, attempting at all times to reach agreement with fellow citizens, and remaining informed on issues of import in order to offer relevant contributions to conversation. Civilized behavior, presenting one's self decently in attire, language and temperament, is intended to avoid offending others, and causing disorder. Industry is the application of one's efforts to useful endeavors which contribute to the public good, or at least do no harm. Civilized people were expected to demonstrate a bona fides, or good faith spirit regarding public life.

Chapter 9

Republican Motherhood

Description and Historical Significance: "Republican Motherhood" is a 20th-century term for an attitude toward women's roles present in the emerging United States before, during, and after the American Revolution (c. 1654 to 1920). It centered on the belief that the patriots' daughters should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, in order to pass on republican values to the next generation. Republican motherhood meant civic duty. Although it is an anachronism, the period of Republican Motherhood is hard to categorize in the history of Feminism. On the one hand, it reinforced the idea of a domestic women's sphere separate from the public world of men. On the other hand it encouraged the education of women and invested their "traditional" sphere with a dignity and importance that had been missing from previous conceptions of Women's work.

Chapter 9

Articles of Confederation

Description and Historical Significance: The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 founding states that established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution. Its drafting by the Continental Congress began in mid-1776, and an approved version was sent to the states for ratification in late 1777. The formal ratification by all 13 states was completed in early 1781. Even when not yet ratified, the Articles provided domestic and international legitimacy for the Continental Congress to direct the American Revolutionary War, conduct diplomacy with Europe and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations. Nevertheless, the weakness of the government created by the Articles became a matter of concern for key nationalists. On March 4, 1789, the Articles were replaced with the U.S. Constitution. The new Constitution provided for a much stronger national government with a chief executive (the president), courts, and taxing powers.

Chapter 9

Old Northwest

Description and Historical Significance: The Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, more commonly known as the Northwest Territory, was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 13, 1787, until March 1, 1803, when the southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Ohio. Previously, it was part of the British Province of Quebec, and a territory under British rule set aside in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 for use by American Indians, which was assigned to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1783). The Congress of the Confederation enacted the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 to provide for the administration of the territories and set rules for admission as a state. On August 7, 1789, the new U.S. Congress affirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications under the Constitution. The territory included all the land of the United States west of Pennsylvania and northwest of the Ohio River. It covered all of the modern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, as well as the northeastern part of Minnesota. The area covered more than 260,000 square miles.

Chapter 9

Land Ordinance of 1785

Description and Historical Significance: The Land Ordinance of 1785 was adopted by the Continental Congress in the United States on May 20, 1785. Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation of the inhabitants of the United States. Therefore, the immediate goal of the ordinance was to raise money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original states acquired after the end of the Revolutionary War in the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The 1785 ordinance laid the foundations of land policy until passage of the Homestead Act in 1862.  Land was to be systematically surveyed into square townships, six miles on a side. Each of these townships were sub-divided into thirty-six sections of one square mile or 640 acres. These sections could then be further subdivided for re-sale by settlers and land speculators.The ordinance was also significant for establishing a mechanism for funding public education. Section 16 in each township was reserved for the maintenance of public schools. Many schools today are still located in section sixteen of their respective townships[citation needed], although a great many of the school sections were sold to raise money for public education. In later States, section 36 of each township was also designated as a "school section".

Chapter 9

Northwest Ordinance

Description and Historical Significance: The Northwest Ordinance was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States, passed July 13, 1787. The primary effect of the ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River. Arguably the single most important piece of legislation passed by members of the earlier Continental Congresses other than the Declaration of Independence, it established the precedent by which the federal government would be sovereign and expand westward across North America with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation. It is the most important legislation that Congress has passed with regard to American public domain lands. The U.S. Supreme Court recognized the authority of the Northwest Ordinance of 1789 within the applicable Northwest Territory as constitutional in Strader v. Graham but did not extend the Ordinance to cover the respective states once they were admitted to the Union.

Chapter 9

Shay's Rebellion

Description and Historical Significance: Shays' Rebellion was an armed uprising that took place in central and western Massachusetts in 1786 and 1787. The rebellion was named after Daniel Shays, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and one of the rebel leaders. The rebellion took place in a political climate where reform of the country's governing document, the Articles of Confederation, was widely seen as necessary. The events of the rebellion, most of which occurred after the Philadelphia Convention had been called but before it began in May 1787, are widely seen to have affected the debates on the shape of the new government. The exact nature and consequence of the rebellion's influence on the content of the Constitution and the ratification debates continues to be a subject of historical discussion and debate.

Chapter 9

Virginia Plan

Description and Historical Significance: The Virginia Plan (also known as the Randolph Plan, after its sponsor, or the Large-State Plan) was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch. The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The Virginia Plan was notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature.

Chapter 9

New Jersey Plan

Description and Historical Significance: The New Jersey Plan (also widely known as the Small State Plan or the Paterson Plan) was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government presented by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787. The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan, which called for two houses of Congress, both elected with apportionment according to population. The less populous states were adamantly opposed to giving most of the control of the national government to the more populous states, and so proposed an alternative plan that would have kept the one-vote-per-state representation under one legislative body from the Articles of Confederation. The New Jersey Plan was opposed by James Madison and Edmund Randolph (the proponents of the Virginia Plan).

Chapter 9

Great Compromise

Description and Historical Significance: The Connecticut Compromise (also known as the Great Compromise of 1787 or Sherman's Compromise) was an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman, along with proportional representation in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states. Each state would have two representatives in the upper house.

Chapter 9

Common Law

Description and Historical Significance: Laws that originate from court rulings and customs, as opposed to legislative statutes. The United States Constitution grew out of the Anglo-American common law tradition and thus provided only a general organizational framework for the new federal government. 

Chapter 9

Civil Law

Description and Historical Significance: Body of written law enacted through legislative statutes or constitutional provisions. In countries where civil law prevails, judges must apply the statutes precisely as written.

Chapter 9

Three-fifths Compromise

Description and Historical Significance: The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the enumerated population of slaves would be counted for representation purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. It was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman. Delegates opposed to slavery generally wished to count only the free inhabitants of each state, but delegates supportive of slavery, on the other hand, generally wanted to count slaves in their actual numbers. Since slaves could not vote, slaveholders would thus have the benefit of increased representation in the House and the Electoral College. The final compromise of counting "all other persons" as only three-fifths of their actual numbers reduced the power of the slave states relative to the original proposals, but increased it over the northern position.

Chapter 9

Antifederalists

Description and Historical Significance: Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals'  liberties in the absence of a bill of rights 

Chapter 9

Federalists

Description and Historical Significance: Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safe-guard the people's liberties.

Chapter 9

The Federalist

Description and Historical Significance: Collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamiltion and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for sonstitutional interpretation.

Chapter 9

Lord Sheffield

Description and Historical Significance: Wrote a popular pamphlet in England that said Britain would win back America's trade and that commerce would naturally follow old channels.

Chapter 9

Daniel Shays

Description and Historical Significance: A leader in a rebellion against the state of Massachusetts due to the amount of discontent of farmers that lost their land due to mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies during the war while they were off fighting. The rebellion, though put down by the state militia, signaled the need for a stronger central government.

Chapter 9

Patrick Henry

Description and Historical Significance: A leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799).

Chapter 10

Bill of Rights

Description and Historical Significance: The first ten amendments to the constitution. These were significant for their speed of enforcement and their protection of individuals rights.

Chapter 10

Judiciary Act of 1789

Description and Historical Significance: The United States Judiciary Act of 1789 was a landmark statute adopted on September 24, 1789, in the first session of the First United States Congress. It established the U.S. federal judiciary. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution prescribed that the "judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court," and such inferior courts as Congress saw fit to establish. It made no provision, though, for the composition or procedures of any of the courts, leaving this to Congress to decide. The existence of a separate federal judiciary had been controversial during the debates over the ratification of the Constitution. Anti-Federalists had denounced the judicial power as a potential instrument of national tyranny. Indeed, of the ten amendments that eventually became the Bill of Rights, five (the fourth through the eighth) dealt primarily with judicial proceedings. Even after ratification, some opponents of a strong judiciary urged that the federal court system be limited to a Supreme Court and perhaps local admiralty judges. The Congress, however, decided to establish a system of federal trial courts with broader jurisdiction, thereby creating an arm for enforcement of national laws within each state.

Chapter 10

Funding at Par

Description and Historical Significance: This meant that the federal government would pay off its debs at face value, plus accumulated interest which at the time had a total of $54 million. This included the federal government taking on the debts by the states and paying for it as a country. Hamilton's establishment of this act gave the country much needed unity because it brought the states together under the centralized government. This made paper money essentially useless do to inflation.

Chapter 10

Assumption

Description and Historical Significance: This act proposed that the federal government to take responsibility for all of the states debt instead of having each individual state pay for their own. It showed that the states truly were part of something larger and were all in it together. Hamilton's methods were clever because it persuaded those who oppose the centralized government to favor it because they had less debt to pay.

Chapter 10

Tariff

Description and Historical Significance: They was taxes placed on manufacturers used to raise money and pay off debts of the war. The first tariffs were important in establishing manufactures that could compete with national markets. The first tariffs were moderate as they seemed to favor manufactures to help them establish a market.

Chapter 10

Excise Tax

Description and Historical Significance: A taxed, proposed by Hamilton that placed a tax on a few domestic items, such as whiskey. This angered some farmers who know had to pay tax on their whiskey and made it difficult to trade it. This caused minor rebellions which were squashed because of the fright of a rebellion.

Chapter 10

Bank of the United States

Description and Historical Significance: This was established by Hamilton and opposed by Jefferson as a way to strength the economy and attract investors which lasted for 20 years and had a cap of $10 million. It also created a currency which did not exist in the early American days. The bank was extremely important in strengthening the economy as it created a stock market which boomed immediately. It also established an ever so important currency which fixed many uprising disputes about money.

Chapter 10

Whiskey Rebellion

Description and Historical Significance: Homespun pioneers of western Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's high excise tax bore. President Washington called upon the militia, and 13000 men from different states answered the call. When the militia reached Western Pennsylvania, the rebellion had already cooled down. Displayed the power of the central government, which was able to summon a force from different colonies to fight for the federal government.

Chapter 10

Reign of Terror

Description and Historical Significance: Ten-month period of brutal repression when some 40,000 individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution. While many Jeffersonians maintained their faith in the French Republic, Federalists withdrew their already lukewarm support once the Reign of Terror commenced.

Chapter 10

Neutrality Proclamation

Description and Historical Significance: Washington boldly issued this in 1793 shortly after war broke out between Britain and France. This document not only stated the government's neutrality in the conflict but also sternly warned American citizens to be impartial in the matter. Washington issued this in realization that the new country was not economically mature enough to be involved in a war. This proclamation proved to be a major prop in the spreading isolationist tradition, and illustrates the truism that self-interest is the basic cement of alliances.

Chapter 10

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Description and Historical Significance: Decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States.

Chapter 10

Treaty of Greenville

Description and Historical Significance: Under the terms of the treaty, the Miami Confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United States in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights and formal recognition of their sovereign status.

Chapter 10

Jay's Treaty

Description and Historical Significance: Washington sent John Jay to London in 1794 to avert war. Jay had weak negotiations and secretly supplied the British with the details of American bargaining strategy. Through this the British promised to evacuate the chain of posts on US soil and to pay damages for the recent seizures of American ships. This unpopular treaty vitalized the Democratic-republican Party of Thomas Jefferson more than any other issue. Also led to Pinckney's treaty because the Spanish feared an Anglo-American alliance.

Chapter 10

Pinckney's Treaty

Description and Historical Significance: The treaty between America and Spain in 1795 which granted America practically all they demanded, including navigation of the Mississippian the territory north of Florida. Was a direct result of Jay's Treaty due to France's fear of an Anglo-American alliance.

Chapter 10

Farewell Address

Description and Historical Significance: The treaty between America and Spain in 1795 which granted America practically all they demanded, including navigation of the Mississippian the territory north of Florida. Was a direct result of Jay's Treaty due to France's fear of an Anglo-American alliance.

Chapter 10

XYZ Affair

Description and Historical Significance: When the French, outraged by Jay's treaty, begin violating the terms of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778, President John Adams sends over three secret go-betweens to talk with Talleyrand, the French foreign minister. The demanded a bribe of $250,000 in order to merely talk with Talleyrand. This occurrence led to Naval Battles between the two countries. But France, already at battling Britain, realized they did not wish to have one more enemy added to their roster.

Chapter 10

Convention of 1800

Description and Historical Significance: Agreement to formally dissolve the United States' treaty with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by America's peacetime alliance with France contributed to Americans' longstanding opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers.

Chapter 10

Alien Laws

Description and Historical Significance: Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace.

Chapter 10

Sedition Act

Description and Historical Significance: Enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. The act drew heavy criticism from Republicans, who let the act expire in 1801.

Chapter 10

Virginia and

Kentucky Resolutions

Description and Historical Significance: In response to the Sedition and Alien Acts, Jefferson secretly wrote up a series of resolutions approved by Kentucky legislature in 1798 and 99. Fellow Virginian James Madison drafted a similar, but less extreme statement which was adopted by Virginia legislature in 1798. These resolutions were a brilliant formulation of the extreme states' rights view in regard to the Union.

Chapter 10

George Washington

Description and Historical Significance: Revolutionary War general and first president of the United States. A Virginia-born planter, Washington established himself as a military hero during the French and Indian War. He served as commander in chief of the Continental Army during the War of Independence, securing key victories at Saratoga and Yorktown. Unanimously elected president under the new national Constitution in 1788, Washington served two terms, focusing primarily on strengthening the national government, establishing a sound financial system and maintaining American neutrality amidst the escalating European conflict.

Chapter 10

Alexander Hamilton

Description and Historical Significance: Revolutionary War soldier and first treasury secretary of the United States. A fierce proponent of a strong national government, Hamilton attended the Philadelphia convention and convincingly argued for the Constitution's ratification in The Federalist. As treasury secretary, he advocated the assumption of state debts to bolster the nation's credit and the establishment of a national bank to print sound currency and boost commerce. Hamilton died from a gunshot wound suffered during a duel with then-Vice President Aaron Burr.

Chapter 10

Louis XVI

Description and Historical Significance: King of France from 1774 to 1792, he, along with Queen Marie Antoinette, was beheaded during the French Revolution.

Chapter 10

Edmond Genêt

Description and Historical Significance: Representative of the French Republic who in 1793 tried to recruit Americans to invade Spanish and British territories in blatant disregard of Washington's Neutrality Proclamation.

Chapter 10

Little Turtle

Description and Historical Significance: Miami Indian chief whose warriors routed American forces in 1790 and 1791 along the Ohio frontier. In 1794, Little Turtle and his braves were defeated by General Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, and were forced to cede vast tracts of the Old Northwest under the Treaty of Greenville.

Chapter 10

"Mad Anthony" Wayne

Description and Historical Significance: Revolutionary war soldier and commander in chief of the U.S. Army from 1792-1796, he secured the Treaty of Greenville after soundly defeating the Miami Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

Chapter 10

John Jay

Description and Historical Significance: Leading American revolutionary and diplomat, who negotiated the Treaty of Paris and later, the much-criticized Jay Treaty of 1794, which averted war with Britain but failed to address key American grievances. Jay also served as the first chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1789-1795, a post he left to become governor of New York.

Chapter 10

John Adams

Description and Historical Significance: A Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became President by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, and was involved in the XYZ Affair, Quais War, and the Convention of 1800. Later though he was also known for his belated push for peace with France in 1800. Regarding his personality he was a "respectful irritation".

Chapter 10

Charles Maurice

de Talleyrand

Description and Historical Significance: French foreign minister. In 1797, Adams sent a diplomatic commission to France to settle matters about the upset of the Jay Treaty of 1794. The French thought that America was siding with the English violating the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. The commission was sent to talk to Talleyrand about the seizing of American ships by the French. Communication between the commission and Talleyrand existed between three go betweeners (XYZ) because talking to Talleyrand in person would cost a quarter of a million dollars. Americans soon negotiated and this act subtly started an undeclared war with France.

Chapter 11

Revolution of 1800

Description and Historical Significance: Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.

Chapter 11

Patronage

Description and Historical Significance: Practice of rewarding political support with special favors, often in the form of public office. Upon assuming office, Thomas Jefferson dismissed few Federalist employees, leaving scant openings to fill with political appointees.

Chapter 11

Judiciary Act of 1801

Description and Historical Significance: One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government.

Chapter 11

Midnight Judges

Description and Historical Significance: Adams signed the commissions for these Federal judges during his last night in office. Demonstrated the Federalists' last minute attempt to keep some power in the newly Republican Government.

Chapter 11

Marbury v. Madison

Description and Historical Significance: The dispute that arose when Marbury learned that his commission was being shelved by James Madison (the new secretary of state). This controversy rose the question of who (which branch of government) had the final authority to determine the meaning of the Constitution. It established the principle of "judicial review"—the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality.

Chapter 11

Tripolitan War

Description and Historical Significance: Four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli.

Chapter 11

Haitian Revolution

Description and Historical Significance: First successful slave revolt that led to more slave revolts because of hope of success now that there was an example. It hurt France financially yet gave Haiti freedom, spread fear of slave rebellion, first free slave nation in the western hemisphere, and ended Napoleon's dream of an American empire which led to him selling the Louisiana land to the Americans.

Chapter 11

Louisiana Purchase

Description and Historical Significance: Jefferson sent Monroe to Paris in 1803 to purchase New Orleans and as much land east of it at a maximum price of $10 million. Monroe ended up spending $15 million, however he was able to purchase Louisiana and an immeasurable amount of land to the west. The purchase of this land doubled the size of the United Sates. Also, it represented Jefferson's contradiction to his own beliefs of strict construction, buying this enormous amount of land without first consulting the government.

Chapter 11

Corps of Discovery

Description and Historical Significance: Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the west.

Chapter 11

Orders in Council

Description and Historical Significance: Issued in 1806 by London government closed the European ports under French control. Traders had to stop in Britain first. This caused Napoleon to fight back, greatly slowing the trade between countries including America. It was later revoked.

Chapter 11

Impressment

Description and Historical Significance: Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815. Impressment was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period.

Chapter 11

Chesapeake Affair

Description and Historical Significance: Was in 1807 when a royal frigate was about ten miles off the coast of Virginia when a British captain ordered them to surrender so it could be searched for British deserters. When the captain refused the British opened fired killing four Americans. This dispute caused tensions to fly which later resulted into the war of 1812, however, in the immediate future many Americans were outraged and begging for a war to begin, but it did not until 1812.

Chapter 11

Embargo Act

Description and Historical Significance: Act passed by Jefferson in an attempt to force both the French and British to repeal their no trade clause. However, this plan backfired and only angered Americans while also crippling the economy do to the outlaw of foreign trade. Although unpopular at the time the Embargo act actually forced the U.S. to become more independent and to develop a more sufficient industry. This act created much unpopularity for Jefferson and later led to the inevitable War of 1812. It also created major hostilities in New England and even created a small population that wised to secede from the U.S.

Chapter 11

Non-Intercourse Act

Description and Historical Significance: This is a slightly dumb down version of the Embargo Act which reopened the ports to foreign trade with all countries except England and France. It pretty much marked the failure of the 15 month Embargo Act. The fact that the non-intercourse act replaced the Embargo Act was one of the final steps that made war with Europe inevitable. It proved that we were still to dependent on England and France and that the central government did not have enough control to strictly enforce this act.

Chapter 11

Macon's Bill No. 2

Description and Historical Significance: This act, past by Congress in 1810, formally ended the Embargo Act which left America and it's new president James Madison in a bad predicament that now pointed only on war. Since there was no longer an Embargo act, America attempted to make peace with either France or Britain however as one country wavered the other stayed firm preventing an agreement which eventually lead to war.

Chapter 11

War Hawks

Description and Historical Significance:Young Republican hotheads from the South and West that wanted to go to war against Britain and eliminate the Indian threat on the frontiers. The War Hawks' push for action against the western Indian tribes led to Tecumseh welding a confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi.

Chapter 11

Battle of Tippecanoe

Description and Historical Significance: Resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "the Prophet" at the hands William Henry Harrison in the Indiana wilderness. After the battle, the Prophet's brother, Tecumseh, forged an alliance with the British against the United States.

Cchapter 11

Thomas Jefferson

Description and Historical Significance: The drafter of the Declaration of Independence and 3rd president of the United States, founder of UV. The highlight of his presidential career was the Louisiana Purchase, and his heated rivalry with Hamilton. Thomas Jefferson can be thought of as a typical idealistic American whose progression as faced with real issues and forced to act resulted in him manipulating his ideals for practical relevance. He shaped, both politically and geographically, the modern U.S. with his brilliant and controversial accomplishments.

Chapter 11

Sally Hemings

Description and Historical Significance: One of Thomas Jefferson's slaves on his plantation in Monticello. DNA testing confirms that Thomas Jefferson fathered Sally Hemings' children.

Chapter 11

Albert Gallatin

Description and Historical Significance: Secretary of the treasury from 1801- 1813 under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, Gallatin sought to balance the federal budget and reduce the national debt.

Chapter 11

John Marshall

Description and Historical Significance: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 until his death in 1835, Marshall strengthened the role of the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review. During his tenure, the court also expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of decisions that established federal supremacy over the states.

Chapter 11

Samuel Chase

Description and Historical Significance: Federalist Supreme Court Justice who drew the ire of Jeffersonian Republicans for his biting criticism of Republican policies. In 1804, the House of Representatives brought charges of impeachment against him but failed to make the case that his unrestrained partisanship qualified as "high crimes and misdemeanors." Acquitted by the Senate, he served on the court until his death.

Chapter 11

Napoleon Bonaparte

Description and Historical Significance: French emperor who waged a series of wars against his neighbors on the European continent from 1800 until his final defeat at Waterloo in 1815. In 1803, having failed to put down the Haitian rebellion, Napoleon relinquished France's remaining North American possessions by selling Louisiana Territory to the United States.

Chapter 11

Robert R. Livingston

Description and Historical Significance: American statesman who served as minister to France from 1801-1804 and negotiated the purchase of Louisiana Territory in 1803.

Chapter 11

Toussain L'Ouverture

Description and Historical Significance: Haitian revolutionary who led a successful slave uprising and helped establish an independent Haiti in 1797. In 1802, L'Ouverture was captured by a French force sent to reestablish control over the island. Shipped back to France and imprisoned for treason, he succumbed to pneumonia in 1803.

Chapter 11

Meriwether Lewis

Description and Historical Significance: American soldier and explorer who led the famous expedition through Louisiana territory from 1804- 1806. After briefly serving as governor of Upper Louisiana territory, Lewis died in an apparent suicide in 1809.

Chapter 11

William Clark

Description and Historical Significance: Joined Meriwether Lewis in leading the expedition of Louisiana territory from 1804-1806. After the Expedition, Clark played a key role in shaping America's Indian policy, seeking to strengthen American relations with the Indians through trade.

Chapter 11

Sacajawea

Description and Historical Significance: A Native American woman who traveled with Lewis and Clark throughout the North American continent. She was a translator, interpreter, and a guide in unfamiliar or unexplored territory.

Chapter 11

Aaron Burr

Description and Historical Significance: Revolutionary War soldier and Vice President under Thomas Jefferson, Burr is perhaps most famous for fatally wounding Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804. In 1806, Burr led a failed plot to separate the trans-Mississippi West from the United States. Narrowly acquitted of treason, Burr fled to France where he tried to convince Napoleon to ally with Britain against the United States.

Chapte 11

James Wilkinson

Description and Historical Significance: A corrupt military governor of Louisiana Territory who made an allegiance with Burr to separate the western part of the United States from the East and expand their new confederacy with invasions of Spanish-controlled Mexico and Florida. He betrayed Burr when he learned that Jefferson knew of the plot. Burr was acquitted of the charges of treason by James Madison and he fled to Europe.

Chapter 11

James Madison

Description and Historical Significance: Young, profound student of government, he made contributions to the Constitution so notable that he was dubbed "Father of the Constitution". Also contributed to The Federalist, and was also the 4th president. Since he wrote the majority of the document. Madison is the most significant drafter of the constitution. His writings in The Federalist remain the most penetrating commentary ever written on the Constitution

Chapter 11

Tecumseh

Description and Historical Significance: Accomplished Shawnee warrior, Tecumseh sought to establish a confederacy of Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. He opposed individual tribes' selling of land to the United States, arguing the land belonged to all the Native peoples. After 1811, Tecumseh allied with the British, fighting fiercely against the United States until his death in 1813.

Chapter 11

Tenskwatawa ("the Prophet")

Description and Historical Significance: Shawnee religious leader, also known as "the Prophet," who led a spiritual revival, emphasizing Indian unity and cultural renewal and urging Indians to limit contact with Americans. The Prophet lost his following in 1811, after he and a small army of followers were defeated by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Chapter 12

War of 1812

Description and Historical Significance: Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers.

Chapter 12

Battle of New Orleans

Description and Historical Significance: This was a battle led by Andrew Jackson which was won by the Americans, and restored much faith, although the war had ended two weeks before. Although the war had unknowingly been over for two weeks this decisive victory was an enormous confidence boost that changed the was the citizens viewed the outcome to a positive.

Chapter 12

Congress of Vienna

Description and Historical Significance: Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France.

Chapter 12

Treaty of Ghent

Description and Historical Significance: Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war.

Chapter 12

Hartford Convention

Description and Historical Significance: Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House.

Chapter 12

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Description and Historical Significance: Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s.

Chapter 12

Tariff of 1816

Description and Historical Significance: First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.

Chapter 12

Americal System

Description and Historical Significance: Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff and a federally funded transportation network.

Chapter 12

Era of Good Feelings

Description and Historical Significance: Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery and the national bank.

Chapter 12

Panic of 1819

Description and Historical Significance: Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb overspeculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy.

Chapter 12

Land Act of 1820

Description and Historical Significance: Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.

Chapter 12

Tallmadge Amendment

Description and Historical Significance: Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Chapter 12

Peculiar Institution

Description and Historical Significance: Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.

Chapter 12

Missouri Compromise

Description and Historical Significance: Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36°30.

Chapter 12

Missouri Compromise

Description and Historical Significance: Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36°30.

Chapter 12

McCulloch v. Maryland

Description and Historical Significance: Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank.

Chapter 12

Loose Construction

Description and Historical Significance: Legal doctrine which holds that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionally-mandated responsibilities.

Chapter 12

Cohens v. Virginia

Description and Historical Significance: Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government.

Chapter 12

Gibbons v. Virginia

Description and Historical Significance: Suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce.

Chapter 12

Fletcher v. Peck

Description and Historical Significance: Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution.

Chapter 12

Darthmouth College

v. Woodward

Description and Historical Significance: Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments.

Chapter 12

Anglo-American Convention

Description and Historical Significance: Signed by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years.

Chapter 12

Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onís Treaty)

Description and Historical Significance: Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas.

Chapter 12

Monroe Doctrine

Description and Historical Significance: Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.

Chapter 12

Russo-American Treaty

Description and Historical Significance: Fixed the line of 54°40' as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America.

Chapter 12

Isaac Brock

Description and Historical Significance: British general who helped stave off an American invasion of Upper Canada during the War of 1812. Brock successfully captured Detroit from American forces in August of 1812, but was killed in battle later that year.

Chapter 12

Oliver Mazard Perry

Description and Historical Significance: American naval officer whose decisive victory over a British fleet on Lake Erie during the War of 1812 reinvigorated American morale and paved the way for General William Henry Harrison's victory at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Chapter 12

Thomas Macdonough

Description and Historical Significance: American naval officer who secured a decisive victory over a British fleet at the Battle of Plattsburg, halting the British invasion of New York.

Chapter 12

Francis Scott Key

Description and Historical Significance: American author and lawyer who composed the "Star Spangled Banner"—now the national anthem— purportedly while observing the bombardment of Fort McHenry from the deck of a British ship where he was detained.

Chapter 12

James Monroe

Description and Historical Significance: Revolutionary war soldier, statesman and fifth president of the United States. As president, he supported protective tariffs and a national bank, but maintained a Jeffersonian opposition to federally-funded internal improvements. Though Monroe sought to transcend partisanship, even undertaking a goodwill tour of the states in 1817, his presidency was rocked by bitter partisan and sectional conflicts.

Chapter 12

George Canning

Description and Historical Significance: British foreign secretary who pro- posed what would later become the Monroe Doctrine—a declaration issued by James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from acquiring new territories in the Americas.