Supreme Court ruled saying that Mass. could limit the height of biuldings in a certain quarter of a city.

*Cities could ZONE!*

Listing of community's goals policies & implementation strategies that guide and influence city.

Cities are required to have one, but not necessarially to follow it.

-Not a legally binding document-

A binding legal document that determines what can be built where and usually groups like things together ie Residential, Commercial, Industrial zones.

-To ammend the ordinace, the planning commission must recommend it to the city council.

Blended aesthetic with functional in the modernizing of Paris in mid 1850s

Converted Paris from an overcrowed medevial town tot he "City of Lights"

Uniform building heights, grand boulevards, anchoring elements like the Grand Opera House.

*His work inspired the U.S. City Beautiful Movement

Early 1800s England was getting way too over crowed and disease spread quickly.

The Cholera Scare, development of statistics realting to social problems, and appearance of a liberal political philosophy helped lay foundation for reform

Edwin Chadwick - Linked disease with unsanitary conditions

Ebenezer Howard led it

6,000 acres with 32,000 people.

City in central 1,000 acres with greenbelt (rural) activities surrounding it.

Located iwthin convenient rail distance to bigger cities.

Whole thing paid for by private trust. Investor returns made by collecting rents.

Relationship between buildings and open space

Anything that looked old/European was better to homegrown designs.

Ornate/fancy public buildings/gardens/water features aimed to promote moral and civic virture in urban populations.

"Make no little Plans"

Oversaw Wold's Columbian Exposition in Chicago

1909 Plan for Chicago - 1st one for controlled growth of a US city

His style modeled Classical Greek and Rome

Succeeded Frederick Olmstead.

Worked on World Columbian Exposition, Vanderbuilt

Helped redesign National Mall

Designed Central park

*Recognized importance of parks and open space as integral elements of the urban system.

"Garden Cities of Tomorrow" - Foundation of the Garden City Movement

Wanted residents of towns to enjoy both benefits of town aqnd country.

Three Magnets Diagram

Letchworth Carden City, London

Purchased land in Illinois to build his Pullman Cars.

there was no place for workers to live, so he designed and built a little city which provided everything for the people: schools, churches, entertainment, nice housing. However layoffs in 1894 started a strike. Federal Troops were even called in. "the hand that fed them could also starve them."

After Pullman died, the city just deteriorated.

"How the Other Half Lives"

Documented the poorest slums of New York.

As a result of his publications, Mulberry Bend was torn down by the city in an effort to clear NY slums.

Journalist in the early 1900s who wrote to expose government corruption.

Wrote "The Shame of the Cities."

Town modeled after England's Garden Cities

Walking path does not cross any streets

Some of the first Cul-de-sacs in the US

The community enjoys autonomy within Borough of Fair lawn.

An example of a car-free environment - everything is walkable.

Reshaped Chicago's central area

Written by Daniel Burnham and called for:

-Improvement of the lakefront

-Regional Highway system

-Improvement of railway terminals

-new outer Parks

-Systematic arrangement of streets.

-Civic and cultural centers

called "Paris on the Prairie"

"The Dealth and Life of Great American Cities"

"The Economy of Cities"

-Critique of urban renewal policies in 1950s

advocated abolition of zoning laws

organized effots to block urban-renewal projects taht would have destroyed neighborhoods.

Efforts led to the canellation of the Lower Manhattan Expressway.

New Laws and court cases relative to land use, zoning, subdivision control, planning regulation.

Civil engineers, attorneys, and public administrators began to play a bigger role in city planning w/ an increased demand for public services and facilities (highways/sewers)

Term used before New Urbanism

AKA traditional Neighborhood Development

Cotton District, Mississippi is first one.
6 building Blocks:

1. The Center (decernable, open space, civic buildings, public benifit)

2. Everything is within a 5 min walk

3. Narrow streets in a grid pattern.

4. Narrow versitle streets for cars, bikes pedestrians

5. Mixed use (different land uses within 1/4 mile walk)

6. Special sites for special buildings.

Supreme Court said ordinance in LA prohibiting making of brick in certain limits was constitutional because it did not deprive him of his property without due process of law, and did not deny him equal protection of the laws even though he was already making bricks there before the new law passed.

*NOT a takings*

When signing deed to land, Mahon only gained surface rights; mineral rights were forfieted and could he could not claim anything from damages resulting from mining underneath. After passing of the Kohler Act, it was illegal to cause subsidence or damage to human habitation as a result of mining. Penn Coal told Mahon they were removing Pillars of coal from underneath his property. He sued under the Kohler Act. Courts sided with Penn COal becuase a source of damage to a single house is not a nuisance and is not common or public. The statue's not justified for the protection of personal safety. The courts didn't think it was fair to give Mahon more rights than he bought by signing the deed.

*Started doctrine of Regulatory Takings*

Euclid passed zoning ordinances to preserve the integrity of the town and prevent industrial Cleavland from encroaching on it. Amber Reality sued saying these ordinances had reduced their property's value by limiting its use without due process --takings. The courts sided with Euclid saying it was not an unreasonable use of police power. Plus, speculation was not a valid basis for a claim of takings.

*Bolstered Zoning ordinances in towns nationwide*

3 acres were under contract when the city enacts 3 new zones. Most of property was in unrestricted zone, part in residential, part was industiral. Nectow sued challenging reasonableness and saying it was a takings. Courts sided with him b/c of proximity to rail & industiral which made it not have value.

*violates due process if it does not promote health, safety, welfare, and is unreasonable*

City restricted growth but showed in capital improvement plan how they were to grow. They would only approve plans once their infrastructure had reached that area but would issue a rain check to approve project for the time when services were provided. the rain check could even be bought and sold. Or developers could get a special permit if they provided the infrastructure themselves. Courts sided with Ramapo saying development wasn't prohibited so it wasn't a total takings.

*1st major growth management case*

A zoning ordinance restricted land use to one family dwellings that could not have more than 2 unrealted people living together. City told the house of 6 students taht they couldn't live tehre. They all sued saying it was unconstitutional. Courts held up teh law because the city has a rational basis for prohibiting large numbers of unrelated people becuase it generates more traffic, cars, and noise than one family.

*Cities can have ordinaces limiting number of unrelated people living in one house, and they can define a tradtional family  and can be upheld in court*

Penn Central wanted to build a skyscraper above Grand Central Terminal. landmark Preservation Commission kept saying NO but that they could sell their air rights to someone else. Penn Central didn't think this was a just compensation and sued for a regulatory taking. Courts sided with NY and siad it was not a taking and did not require just compensation.

*Upheld Transfer development rights concept*

*Legitimized Historic Preservation*

City changed zoning laws after agins bought property. they would only be allowed to build about 5 houses on their land so they sued for money and said it was invers condemnation and their ordinances were flawed. Courts ruled agains them saying they can't sue in inverse condemnation and that zoning did not violate landowner's right to just comepnsation.

*You can't sue on some general law. You have to show how it negatively applies to your property*

Church had a camp in canyon and it got flooded/washed out. LA passed regulation prohibiting building in flood zone areas during the time the church was about to re-build, no they couldn't. They sued saying it was a takings.

* City can get nailed for temporary takings just as with a permanate one*

As a condition of a building permit, the city wanted Nollans to give public an easement along the beach over their private property even though Nollans were just rebuilding a house that was already there. Nollans said ti was a takings. Courts ruled with Nollans and said the city couldn't do it because their house would not have an advers impact on public access to the sea.

*Rational Nexus (What the city was asking, had nothing to do with proposed project)*

Dolan had hardward store with part of property on stream. to get her permit to expand the store and pave the parking lot, the city told her she would have to improve a public greenway along the adjacent creek and put in a pathway to relieve traffic congestion. The courts said the dedication requirements were not related to teh proposed development, thus constitued a taking.

*Rough Porportionality (requirement had nothing to do with project)*

Del Monte Owns 312 acres of beach front property. They bring in plant to control erosion and it ends up tkaing over Buckwheat which is the only source of food for endangered butterly. Del Monte wanted 344 Units. Commission told them they'd accept if they did 264, but then denied them. This happened 3 times and finally it goes to city council and they put tons of conditions on it and then end up telling them they can't do it becuase they'd destroy the Buckwheat. Courts ruled with Wel Monte saying itw as a regulatory taking -- too many rules to build anything. They said let del monte build, or city buy it.

*Regulatroy Taking -- Too many rules to build anything*

City approved Subdivision lots on coast. Later, the coastal commission said no homes there because of Hurricanes. Now, the city own't give building permits and developmers are mad and sue. Courts said it was a total takings and city had to buy the land at market value.

*The elvel of entitlement cities give poeple can end up tieing the city's hands*