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| The remains of the most sophisticated prehistoric native civilization north of Mexico are preserved at Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site. Within the 2,200-acre tract, located a few miles west of Collinsville, Illinois, lie the archaeological remnants of the central section of the ancient settlement. |
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| The Columbian exchange involves the transatlantic exchange of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred after the first European contact with the Americas. |
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| Spanish Conquest of Mexico |
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| began in 1517 with three armed expeditions launched from the island of Cuba. These expeditions were organized by Governor Diego de Velazquez de Cuellar. This conquest resulted in a new culture. |
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| Religious conflict and excessive Spanish demands for tribute sparked this rebellion in 1680 of Pueblo Indians in New Mexico against their Spanish overloads |
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| The paramount chief of the third tribal chiefdoms between the James and Potomac rivers treated the English traders as potential allies and a source of valuable goods. |
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| was born around 1595 near Jamestown, Virginia. She first met English settlers in Jamestown colony in 1607. Pocahontas and John Smith developed a friendship. She gave food to the colonists and warned them of upcoming attack. When Smith left the colony in 1609, Pocahontas ended her support. In 1613 she married John Rolfe in the first US mixed marriage. She was also a 12 year old Native American girl with the youngest and least in the tribe |
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| a good used for trading, also it sucked a lot of nutrient out of the ground, causing the soil to go bad which led to the Indian war of 1622. |
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| a contract binding a person to the legal service of another for a specified period. |
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| From parts of England they were all Puritans that did not allow religious tolerance but used the bible as their book of law. |
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| was banished from the Mass Bay colony in 1636 for being a religious dissident. Opposed congregationalism and supported separation of church and state. With other dissidents we formed Rhode Island in 1644 it had no official religion. |
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King Philip's (Metacon's) War
1675-1676 |
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| Indians tried to coexist with colonist but conflict developed that resulted in the Indians killing 1000 settlers. 4500 Indians died. The remaining Indians fled to the countryside and later joined the French in Fighting the Puritans. |
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| Atlantic Islands (Azores, Canary, Cape Verde, Sao Tome) |
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| Islands of the coast of Africa that were used for Sugar Cane production and held many slaves. |
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| Around 1750 sugar was a huge export from the British islands (Jamaica) to Europe.It required 1000s of slaves provided by the Dutch and lots of equipment. If American colonist wanted sugar that bought molasses from the British who later taxed it heavily. |
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| Series of sugar cane plantations throughout the West Indies islands and along the coast of Central and South America. British merchants provided equipment and slaves for the plantations. |
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| Nathaniel Bacon led an armed rebellion that began with settler attacks on Indians but which culminated in a rebellion against the royal governor of Virginia, Sir William Berkeley, in 1676. The rebellion was the product of Berkeley's political favoritism, economic exploitation, and Indian policy |
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| Virginia Slave Code of 1705 |
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| Series of laws enacted by the house of Burgess in Virginia regulating the interactions between slaves and the citizens. Was the beginning of slave legislation. |
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| Spanish officials' promise of freedom for American slaves who escaped to Florida inspired this uprising of South Carolina slaves against whites in 1739. |
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| New York, New Jersey, and Penn. Became home to people of different origins, languages, and religions. |
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German Immigrants in Pennsylvania
1683-1786 |
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| three waves of Germans immigrated for various reasons. They brought their language and culture and wanted to preserve it. |
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| born 1706 a deist and writer and printer he added a secular dimension to colonial life. |
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| 1689 wigs in England in a bloodless coup protestant bishop overthrew the catholic leaders. In the US the Protestants and Puritans ship the catholic governor back to England. Creating a new royal colony with less religious control. |
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| the lower house of the British Parliament, which included representatives elected by England's upper class. |
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| an 18th century faction in British Parliament that protested political corruption, the growing cost of the Empire, and influence on government of a wealthy class of financier. |
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| French and Indian War (Seven Years War) |
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| Fourth in the series of great wars between England and France, this conflict (1754<>1763) had its focal point in North America and pitted the French and their Native American allies against the English and their Native American allies. Known in Europe as the Seven Years' War, this struggle drove the French from North America. |
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| after fighting the Indians Britain issued a proclamation prohibiting white settlement west of the Appalachians. |
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| Consumer (also called the Commercial) Revolution |
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| after the industrial revolution there was a marked increase in the consumption of goods by individuals. |
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| The Great Awakening Period |
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| when numerous religious groups existed. Women were suddenly allowed in church activity which spurred the women’s rights movement. |
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| Deference (submission) and Dependence |
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| Early colony’s often showed deference to Briton as they had no army and were dependent on England to buy tobacco. |
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| Coercive (also called the Intolerable) Acts |
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| Parliament responded to the Boston Tea Party by passing the Coercive Acts in 1774. They were unjust acts in that they intended to punish Boston and Massachusetts generally for the crime committed by a few individuals. Colonists called these (combined with the Quartering and Quebec acts) the Intolerable Acts. |
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| People that argued that colonists were virtually represented in Parliament because every Member of Parliament stood for the interests of the empire. Colonists insisted that since they did not actually elect voting members of Parliament to represent their interests, Parliament did not represent them. |
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| representation by an individual within the group being represented. |
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| was the revolutionary tract written by Thomas Paine in January 1776. It was a bold call for independence and the establishment of republican government in America. |
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| Battle of Lexington and Concord |
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| In these first skirmishes of the Revolutionary War, which took place on April 19, 1775, British forces brushed by American militia at Lexington, then pushed on to Concord, where they met stronger resistance. On the long retreat back to Boston, the British suffered 273 dead, wounded, or missing as a consequence of hit-and-run actions by American militiamen. |
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| time after the American Revolution when George Washington is President. Articles of Confederation were drafted to hold the country together. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| The Articles (ratified in 1781) were the United States’ first constitution. They sharply limited central authority by denying the national government any coercive power including the power to tax and to regulate trade. The articles set up the loose confederation of states that comprised the first national government from 1781 to 1788. |
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| 4th president and a federalist considered the father of the constitution and author of the federalist papers (1788). Drafted the first 10 amendments to the constitution. |
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| Federalists advocated ratification of the Constitution; they were centralizing nationalists. |
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| opposed ratification of the Constitution; they were states' rightists and were concerned that the Constitution contained no Bill of Rights. |
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| Secretary of the Treasury under President George Washington. A strong federalist formed the first national bank. He sold notes and caused the first national debt. Also got revenue by implementing new tariffs and taxes. |
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| principle author of the declaration of Independence and third president of the United States. First Secretary of State under Washington. With Madison formed the Democratic-Republican Party. |
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| Democratic-Republican Party |
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| Founded 1791. By Jefferson and Madison. Opposed the federal programs of Alexander Hamilton. Finally dissolved into Jacksonian Democratic and National Republications who formed the wig party and then the civil war era Republican Party. |
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| party gained popularity when Alexander Hamilton was treasurer and formed a national bank. Federalist believed the country should be under the control of the federal government. Also called nationalist. George Washington was president but considered an Independent. Madison was the only Federalist president |
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| In 1798 the Federalist Congress passed the four acts collectively known as the Alien and Sedition Acts to attack the Republican party and suppress dissent against Federalist policies. The Acts curtailed freedom of speech and the liberty of foreigners resident in the United States. |
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| In 1803 the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory from Napoleonic France for $15 million. The purchase secured U.S. control of the Mississippi River and nearly doubled the size of the nation. |
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| Irish Catholic Immigrants |
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| Poorest immigrants left due to overpopulation and potato blight. Went to new cities and became labor workers and washwomen. Built lots of churches then schools, charities. Political organizations and orphanages |
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| First Industrial Revolution |
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| the great transformation in manufacturing goods that begins in England about 1750 and spread and eventually around the world. It consisted of three interrelated aspects: inanimate power (first from improved waterwheels and then from steam engines), advances in machine technology, and discipline labor working in factories |
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| A populist president who believed in a small central government but strong executive when it came to the military. Being anti-federalist he vetoes reauthorization of Hamilton’s National Bank. Money was based on gold and silver so Jackson had it all moved from the National Bank to State banks called Jackson’s pet banks. He also signed the Indian removal act that removed Indians from their land and put them in reservations. |
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| The Indian Removal Act and Treaty of New England removed Indians from their lands to reservations in Kansas and Oklahoma |
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| During industrial revolution railroads started at mines and to haul freight. Then expanded to carry people. They were faster and could haul more freight. |
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| began as an emotional counteroffensive to the deism identified with the French Revolution. The Second Great Awakening ministers assaulted Calvinism by stressing the mercy, love, and benevolence of God. They emphasized the ability of people to control their own fate, even achieve their own salvation. |
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| A movement to end slavery. They were a varied collection of reformers, and often disagreed about how to accomplish their goal. Both white reformers and many free blacks were active abolitionists. |
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| began during second awakening as women were allowed to participate in church activities. Women wanted equal pay, to be able to hold office, own land basically all the same rights that men had. |
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| Slave Resistance to Slavery |
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| slaves resisted by working slow, killing or being physical or verbally abusive, escape into the woods, forging documents and helping each other to susvive and escape. |
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| replace tobacco as a major crop during the antebellum period. Started in the south. States then expanded west to Texas. Required slaves to grow and harvest so spread slaves throughout the south. |
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| The Southern Slave Economy |
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| slaves were considered property so were bought and sold. The more slaves you had the wealthier you were. Slaves were bred and sold like livestock. Slaves increased profits of labor intensive plantations by keeping labor costs low. |
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| revolution principle by Anglos who moved into the Mexican territory of Tejas and refused to assimilate plus wanted to bring their slaves. Finally Texas was a state and admitted to the Union as a slave state. |
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| was the belief of nineteenth-century Americans that their nation's territorial expansion was inevitable and ultimately a good thing, even for those is being conquered. That Anglos were superior over Indians and Mexicans and that they should be all converted to republicanism and Protests. This conviction helped Americans justify the aggressive acquisition of new territories in the 1840s and later in the 1890s. |
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| an armed conflict between the United States of America and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution. |
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| started when gold was found in Sutter Mill in California in 1848. 62 ships and 12 thousand wagons headed to the gold field in 1949. The people were called 49ers. Few found gold, most died of disease. The few that made money either found gold or sold goods to miners. Soon miners started farming instead of returning east. |
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| was Congress's attempt to settle several outstanding issues involving slavery. It banned the slave trade, but not slavery in Washington, D.C.; admitted California as a free state; applied popular sovereignty to the remaining Mexican Cession territory; settled the Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute; and passed a more stringent Fugitive Slave Act. |
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| One of the original two political parties, the Republican Party was organized by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson and generally stood for states' rights, an agrarian economy and the interests of farmers and planters over those of financial and commercial groups, strict construction, and friendship with France and support for the cause of the French Revolution |
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| The Union and the Confederacy |
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| Union is the Federal government but during the civil war was composed of 20 Free states. The Confederacy was the 11 southern states that had exercised secession from the Union. Some border states did not leave the Union until after the war started. |
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| the battle further eroded northern support for the war but the Union victory at Vicksburg and the heavy confederate causalities at Gettysburg changed the attitudes of many southerners as well as the British who were supplying the Confederates with warships |
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| In September 1864, General William Sherman's army captured Atlanta and began marching toward Savannah on the Georgia coast. His march to the sea was designed to defeat the enemy's forces, destroy its economic resources, and break its will to resist. |
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| went into effect on January 1, 1863. It freed all slaves in areas then in rebellion against the United States (the Confederacy). It made emancipation a war goal and speeded the destruction of slavery. |
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| Riots by recent German and Irish immigrants protesting the Enrollment Act of 1863 opposed the draft saying it was not their war and that Lincoln was drafting poor whites to liberate blacks that would take their jobs |
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| Presidential Reconstruction |
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| After the assassination of Lincoln Johnson a Democrat proposed conditions for the reunification of the South. Amnesty for all but high ranking Confederate officers and to all southern who swore allegiance to the United States. And appointed governors for the southern states |
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| Congressional Reconstruction |
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| is the name given to the period from 1867 to 1870 when the Republican-dominated Congress controlled Reconstruction policy. It is sometimes known as Radical Reconstruction, after the radical faction in the Republican Party. |
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| were special laws passed by southern state and municipal governments immediately after the Civil War. The laws denied many rights of citizenship to free blacks and were designed to control black labor, mobility, and employment, and to get around the Thirteenth Amendment that freed the slaves. The laws outraged northerners |
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| Southerners who objected to congressional Reconstruction policies founded several secret terrorist societies; the Ku Klux Klan was one of these. It was organized in Tennessee in 1866 and became a vigilante group dedicated to driving blacks out of politics by using intimidation and violence. |
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| During Reconstruction, southerners adopted the sharecropping system. In it, the landowners provided land, tools, housing, and seed to a sharecropping farmer who provided his labor. The resulting crop was divided between them (i.e., shared). |
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| The End of Reconstruction |
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| After reconstructions the states are democratic, slaves are freed by the emancipation proclamation and anyone born in the US is a citizen due to the 14th amendment. But Black Codes continue to repress blacks. |
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| Attack of Indians on Virginia Colony killed 343 whites. Retaliation was severe such that Britain was upset and became more involved in the operation of its colonies in the US. |
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| This law passed by Congress in 1882 signed by President Chester Arthur prohibited Chinese immigration to the United States for 10 years. Chinese starting immigrating into the US as adult males during the gold rush. They continued to immigrate into California as were seen as a threat to labor markets and troublemakers. |
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