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• a term applied to two distinct periods of strong anti-Communism in United States history
• heighten suspicion of communists and other radicals and the fear of widespread infiltration of communists in government
• There were a lot of threats uncovered like 36 bombs being mailed
• There were some bombs that did exploded
• Because of the scare, immigration laws were created.
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• Was a United States federal law that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the U.S.
• Was the first permanent limitation on immigration into the United States.
• Immigration from Europe went way down but immigration from Mexico and Canada went way up because we had no border.
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• The movement impacted urban centers thoughout the united states
• Across the cultural spectrum and also in the realm of social thought and intellectuals found new ways to explore the historical experiences of black America and the contemporary experiences of black life in the urban North.
• Challenging white paternalism and racism, African American artists and intellectuals rejected merely imitating the styles of Europeans and white Americans and instead celebrated black dignity and creativity.
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| Reconstruction Finance Corporation |
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| • An independent agency of the United States government chartered during the administration of Herbert Hoover in 1932. It was modeled after the War Finance Corporation of World War I. The agency gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, farm mortgage associations, and other businesses. The loans were nearly all repaid. It was continued by the New Deal and played a major role in handling the Great Depression in the United States and setting up the relief programs that were taken over by the New Deal in 1933. |
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• Civilian Conservation Corps
• Was a work relief program for young men, unmarried, from unemployed families
• It was designed to combat unemployment
• Became one of the most popular New Deal programs among the general public and operated in every U.S. State and several territories
• Fell after the depression
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• Tennessee Valley Authority
• Is a federally owned corporation in the united States created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing and economic development.
• Was envisioned not only as an electricity provider but also as a regional economic development agency that would use federal experts and electricity to rapidly modernize the regions economy and society.
• Covered most of the south.
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• The largest New Deal agency, employing millions of people and affecting most every locality, especially rural and western mountain populations.
• It continued and extended relief programs similar to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) started by Herbert Hoover and the U.S. Congress in 1932. Headed by Harry L. Hopkins, the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States. The program built many public buildings, projects and roads, and operated large arts, drama, media and literacy projects. It fed children, redistributed food, clothing and housing.
• Until closed down by Congress and the war boom in 1943, the various programs of the WPA added up to the largest employment base in the country — indeed, the largest cluster of government employment opportunities in most states. Anyone who needed a job could become eligible for most of its jobs. Hourly wages were the prevailing wages in the area; the rules said workers could not work more than 30 hours a week but many projects included months in the field, with workers eating and sleeping on worksites. Before 1940, there was some training involved in teaching new skills and the project's original legislation went forward with a strong emphasis on family, training and building people up. The role and participation of labor unions in WPA processes is unclear. |
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• a 1935 United States federal law that protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, engaged in collective bargaining, and took part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.
• The Act did not, on the other hand, cover those workers who were covered by the Railway Labor Act, agricultural employees, domestic employees, supervisors, independent contractors and some close relatives of individual employers.
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| Packing the supreme court |
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• Roosevelt was unhappy that the Supreme Court was repeatedly striking down various aspects of his New Deal legislative agenda as unconstitutional. In response, he publicly indicated that the Court was behind on its docket, owing in large part to the advanced age of most of its nine Justices, and used that claim as a basis for advancing a proposal to enlarge the Supreme Court bench to up to 15 Justices by permitting the President to nominate one additional Justice for every sitting Justice over a given age.
• FDR's plan was seen by many as a power grab, which it probably was, as Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes publicly refuted the President's charges as to the Court being behind on its work. Nevertheless, the New Deal Democrats had substantial majorities in both Houses of Congress, and the Court enlargement plan barely failed passing. Indeed, some say that had the Democratic floor leader on the Bill not died of heart failure the night before a major vote, it might have succeeded.
• Incidentally, though for varying reasons, the Court's size has changed several times over the years, beginning with only six seats, and gradually working its way up to ten for a brief period in the Civil War era with Justice Stephen Field becoming the Court's one and only tenth Justice. It was returned to nine seats in the late 1860s, where it has remained ever since, saving for extended vacancies due to death or resignation.
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• The Social Security Act was drafted by President Roosevelt's committee on economic security, under Edwin Witte, and passed by Congress as part of the New Deal.
• It was controversial when originally proposed, with one point of opposition being that it would cause a loss of jobs. However, proponents argued that there was in fact an advantage: it would encourage older workers to retire, thereby creating opportunities for younger people to find jobs, which would lower the unemployment rate.
• Historian Edward Berkowitz subsequently contended that the Act was a cause of the "Roosevelt Recession" in 1937 and 1938. However, the program has gone on to be one of the most popular government programs in America
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