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| A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. |
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| Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
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| Estimating the likelihood of events based on their ability to be recalled from memory |
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| Scientifc study that aims to increase the knowledge base |
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| A branch of psychology concerned iwth the links between biology and behavior |
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| The tendency for any given individual to be less likely to give aid if other individuals are present |
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| An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth |
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| A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A once neutral stimulus begins to produce an anticipatory and/or preparatory response for a stimulus |
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| A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
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| The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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| A theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts or when thoughts and actions are inconsistent |
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| A tendency search for information that confirms one's preconceptions |
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| The principle that properties such as mass, volume, ad number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects |
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| The part of the experiment that serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
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| A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together |
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| An optimal time shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences must take place to produce proper development |
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| A response or behavior that is measured |
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| A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan |
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| An experiment in which both the experimenter and the participants are unaware of which treatment the participants are receiving |
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| A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders |
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| The view that (a)knowledge comes form experience via the senses (b)science flourishes through observaiton and experiment |
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| The study of behaviour and hte mind using principles of natural selection |
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| A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process |
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| The aspect of the experiment that exposes participants to the treatment |
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| Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon |
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| The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
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| Refers to way an issue is posed and affects decisions and judgements |
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| A school of psychology that focuses on how mental and behavioral processes enable organsims to adapt and survive |
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| A factor that is believed to underlie specific mental abilites and is therefore measured by every task |
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| Applying the results from an experiment to a different situation or population |
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| Occurs when the desire for harmony in decision-making overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives |
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| A subfield of psychology that provides contributions to behavioral medicine |
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| A simple thinking strategy that often allows one to make relatively quick judgments and solve problems efficiently |
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| The tendency to belive, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |
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| A branch of psychology that explores how machines and environments can be adapted to behaviors |
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| Independent Variable (IV) |
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| A stimulus or aspect of the evironment that the experimenter directly manipulates to determine its influences on behavior |
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| Industrial-Organized (I/O) Psychology |
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| The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces |
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| The effect of one factor depends on another factor |
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| The tendencyof people to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
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| A principle that behaviors followed by factorable consequences become more likely and those followed by unfavorable consequences are less likely |
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| A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience |
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| Obtainng research data from the same group of participants over an extenbded period of time |
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| The persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information |
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| The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them |
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| The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current emotional state |
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| The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead ot increased reproduciton and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |
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| Observing and recording behavior in the real world settings without trying to manipulate or control the situation |
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| The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the devleopment of psychological traits and behaviors |
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| A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system |
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| Chemical messengers that bind to receptor sites |
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| Normal Distribution (Curve) |
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| A symmetrical, bell shaped distribution having half of the score above the mean and half of the schore below the mean that describes the distribution of many phyical and psychological attributes. |
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| The awareness that things continue ot exist even when not perceived |
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| A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or dinimished if followed by a punisher |
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| The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling the recognition of meaningul objects and events |
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| Any effect on behavior caused by an inert substance or condition |
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| The complete set of individuals or events form which samples may be drawn for a study |
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| A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders |
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| The science of behavior and mental processes |
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| The study of the effect of drugs on the mind and behavior |
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| The study of the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as theeir intensity, and hte psychological experience of them |
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| A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus |
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| An additional scientific study that is conducted in exactly th esame manner as the original research project |
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| A group that is selected ot represent the population |
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| Defining the independent, dependent, and extraneous variables in terms of the operations needed to produce them |
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| The process by which receptors an dthe vervous system receive an drepresent stimulus energies for the environment |
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| IMproved performance of tasks in the presence of other |
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| The tendency of people in agroup to exert less effort when pooing their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
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| The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
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| A measure of variability based o hwo much individual scores differ from the mean |
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| Statisitical Significance |
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| A statement about how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
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| The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron, and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron |
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| An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes an predicts observations. |
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| People's ideas about their own and others' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. |
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| Instutional Review Board (IRB) |
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| The university committe that is responsible fo rdetermining whether a proposed research project conforms to accepted ethical standards |
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