Term
|
Definition
| chemicals that carry info across the synapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve cell, includes cell membrane, soma, dendrites, axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flexible barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains proteins that can change shape or configuration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at the postsynaptic membrane, they contain receptors which bind with NTs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also contain ions channels, lipids, proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized proteins on postsynaptic membrane which bind w/ NTs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receive info (via NTs) from axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Function: processes info, synthesizes NTs, directs and maintains cell function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Function: send info (via NTs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves NTs and other substances down the axon toward the presynpatic terminal ("down" the axon) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves substances from the synapse back to the soma ("up" the axon) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized impulse in neurons designed to rapidly transmit info from cell to cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| presynaptic terminal/axon terminals |
|
Definition
| where NTs are released into synaptic cleft |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space b/t membranes of presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrance |
|
|
Term
| postsynaptic membrane (terminal) |
|
Definition
| has receptors for NTs and ion channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow ions to cross into and out of cells across cell membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances, like ions, can flow across cell membranes based on their concentration and electrical charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow passive diffusion of ions at a slow continuous rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| require a stimulus in order to open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane channel specific to sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| open in response to mechanical forces (pressure, vibration), to temperature changes, or to chemical changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| open in response to NT binding to surface of a channel receptor (lock and key) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrical change caused by the release of NTs, which generate a potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enough potentials can form/initiate ___ |
|
|
Term
| resting membrane potential (RMP), -70 mV |
|
Definition
| electrical potential across the cell membrane at rest, defined as _____ |
|
|
Term
| the difference in charge provides the energy that drives the AP |
|
Definition
| RMP is more negative inside the cell compared to the outside - this is essential for what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no net movement of ions across the membrane (can be maintained by the cell despite a or - charge across the membrane) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distribution of ions based on number/amount inside vs. outside the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ concentration gradient is a large difference in number of ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ concentration gradient is a small difference in number of ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest ( , -, 0) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the charge across the cell membrane is less(-)/more( ) than RMP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ may generate a local potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with enough local potentials, ____ can be generated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intracellular electrical charge is more (-) then RMP, which blocks an AP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| correlates with K outflux from the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell resets Na /K balance via the Na /K pump |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small potentials that travel a short distance |
|
|
Term
| facilatory (+), inhibitory (-) |
|
Definition
| local potentials may be ____ or ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of small potentials/charges close together in time that can generate an AP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| addition of potentials from different regions of a cell at the same time that can generate an AP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| happens when sum of stimuli reaches threshold and an AP is generated |
|
|
Term
| threshold stimulus/threshold intensity |
|
Definition
| level needed to fire an AP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AP is a __________ impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large depolarizing signal actively propagated along an axon by repeated generation of a signal, can travel long distances at rapid speed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ion whose influx into the cell causes depolarization (for AP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| absolute refractory period |
|
Definition
| neuron will not fire regardless of intensity of stimulus |
|
|
Term
| relative refractory period |
|
Definition
| stronger stimulus than normal needed to fire an AP (associated w/ partial resetting of membrane potential by Na/K pump) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single axon may terminate on several cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple inputs from multiple cells terminate on a single neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries info toward the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries info away from the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Faster conducting axons have a ____ diameter and are _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mostly fatty substance that is a rapid conductor, insulator and protector of axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protective covering of protein and fatty surrounding an axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unmyelinated small areas spaced along an axon designed to speed conduction of impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superfast impulse propagation by "jumping"/"skipping" from node to node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supportive cell to neurons |
|
|
Term
astrocytes - CNS
oligodendrocytes - CNS
Schwann cell - PNS only |
|
Definition
| 3 types of macroglia and their location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macroglia: signal (release NTs), scavenger, nutritive function, development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macroglia: form the myelin sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phagocyte: clean up cells, repair and immune function (active in normal healing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only neuronal support cell in the PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macroglia: myelin maker/insulator, scavenger, nutrition, signaling, repair and immune function in PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated w/ Na+ and Ca+2 ions influx into cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EPSPs may summate into an _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated w/ Cl- flow into or K+ flow out of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IPSPs cause ________, which blocks the AP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sum of _____ and _____ at the postsynpatic membrane determines if an AP is generated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| axon of one neuron synapses at the axon terminal of another neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with presynaptic facilitation, more NT is released which _____ signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with presynpatic inhibition, less NT is released, which _____ signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released into extracellular fluid, work on many neurons with effects occurring more slowly and longer lasting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors that bind with the substance nicotine and w/ ACh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors that bind with the substance muscarine and w/ ACh |
|
|
Term
| neuromuscular junction (NMJ) |
|
Definition
| where the motor neuron axon releases its NT (ACh) on the muscle membrane and initiates a muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug that binds to a receptor and mimics the effects of naturally occurring NTs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug that prevents the release of the NT or binds to the receptor and blocks the effects of the naturally occurring NT |
|
|
Term
| thinking, sensing, controlling |
|
Definition
| Primary functions of the CNS (3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-neuronal cell that provide services for neurons |
|
|
Term
| peripheral, spinal, brainstem, cerebrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gray matter is gray b/c it contains ______ |
|
|
Term
| myelinated axons (proteins) |
|
Definition
| white matter is white b/c it consists of ______ |
|
|
Term
| dorsal root ganglion (DRG) |
|
Definition
| SC: contains cell bodies of sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SC: contains cell bodies of motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membranous coverings of CNS |
|
|
Term
pia mater (innermost)
arachnoid mater
dura mater |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Large signal
Travel long distance, one way
All or none impulse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function, chemical profile, structure |
|
Definition
| Neuroplasticity is the ability of neurons to: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in response to a repeated, benign stimulus |
|
|
Term
| release of excitatory NT (glutamate) |
|
Definition
| cellular mechanism in habituation: decease in _______ |
|
|
Term
| no longer present or partially resolve; system resets itself |
|
Definition
| habituation: after rest period, when there is no stimuli effects of habituation ________ |
|
|
Term
| decreased number of synapses |
|
Definition
| habituation: if it is prolonged, is results in ______ |
|
|
Term
| experience-dependent plasticity (EDP) |
|
Definition
| persistent long-lasting changes in the strength of synapses b/t neurons and in neural networks occur |
|
|
Term
| decrease, honed a to a few small, specific regions for that activity |
|
Definition
| EDP: with task repetition, the number of active regions in the brain ______ |
|
|
Term
silent synapses,
active synapses |
|
Definition
| LTP: mechanism is conversion of ______ to ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EDP: phenomenon that increases the number of active synapses, thus increasing the functional strength of synaptic connections for new learning and memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LTP: _____ AMPA receptors to the cell membrane to make an active synapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LTP: the conversion of silent synapses to active synapses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LTP/LTD: occurs in both when changes are made to the postsynaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
| long-term depression (LTD) |
|
Definition
| EDP: phenomenon of decrease in the number of active synapses, this decreasing the strength of synpatic connections in learning and memory processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LTP/LTD: in both, occurs at the ______ synapse |
|
|
Term
active synapse,
silent synapse |
|
Definition
| LTD: mechanism is conversion of ______ to ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LTD: _____ AMPA receptors from the cell membrane to make a silent synapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LTP/LTD: predominant ion regulator |
|
|
Term
hippocampus (temporal lobe),
cerebral cortex (motor, sensory, auditory, visual areas) |
|
Definition
| LTP/LTD: both occur in same areas of the brain, _______ |
|
|
Term
| names, events, facts, people (declarative memory) |
|
Definition
| hippocampus is involved in this type of memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area of brain named for its shape, like a sea horse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular recovery from injury: can, but may not happen in _____; cannot happen in _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can happen in CNS or PNS; happens after axon is severed when the distal segment degenerates and glial cells (Schwann or astrocytes) clean up the debris from degeneration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regrowth of damaged axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sprouting: distal neuron receives side sprouts from nearby undamaged axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sprouting: happens when proximal axon dies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sprouting: happens when distal axon dies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sprouting: damaged proximal axon regenerates and gives off side sprouts to undamaged neurons |
|
|
Term
| synkinesis (unintended movements) |
|
Definition
| after peripheral nerve injury motor axons may innervate different muscles than previously, resulting in ______ when the neurons fire |
|
|
Term
| confusion of sensory modalities (pain where it isn't supposed to be) |
|
Definition
| after peripheral nerve injury sensory axons may also regrow to incorrect targets causing _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| axonal injury in the CNS has _____ as in PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synaptic changes in CNS after injury: easiest way to recover, function returns to normal |
|
|
Term
| denervation hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| synaptic changes in CNS after injury: new receptor sites develop on postsynaptic membrane in response to decreased NT; NT released by nearby axons is amplified b/c of the extra receptor sites |
|
|
Term
| synaptic hypereffectiveness |
|
Definition
| synaptic changes in CNS after injury: some branches of presynaptic axon are destroyed, remaining axon branches receive all of NT resulting in larger than normal NT on postsynaptic receptors and a larger response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurons have to compensate for a deficit and take over functions - recruitment of other areas to take over other functions that were lost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell death caused by overexcitation of neurons |
|
|
Term
glutamate,
death of postsynaptic neurons |
|
Definition
| excitotoxicity: oxygen-deprived neurons release large quantities of _____, which in excessive amounts causes _______ |
|
|
Term
| Task Specific Training (TST) |
|
Definition
| using the affected extremity for task completion as opposed to using the affected limb only for ROM or exercise |
|
|
Term
-long lasting cortical reorgnization
-induces more normal pattern of brain activation in ind. w/ CVA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Constraint Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) |
|
Definition
| restriction of the use of the unaffected extremity (via sling or splint), thereby forcing client to undergo intense practice of functional movements with affected upper extremity |
|
|
Term
| -induce functional reorganization of cortex after CVA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stages in utero: pre-embryonic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stages in utero: embryonic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neural tube formation begins _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CNS develops from the ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The NS develops from the _____ cell layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure to lose the lower neuropore results in ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells in the dorsal neural tube process ______ info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurons with cell bodies in the ventral neural tube innervate _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myelination begins in the ____ fetal month |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stages in utero: pre-embryonic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CNS most susceptible to insults in utero b/t ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain and spinal cord (CNS) develop entirely from the ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain development begins at _____ days - rudimentary forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spinal cord ends at which segment? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neural tube defect: cranial end of neural tube remains open, no cerebral hemispheres, cbell, and skull formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neural tube defect: no division of cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neural tube defect: end of SC adheres to a lower vertebra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arnold Chiari malformation is caused by ________ |
|
|
Term
| Arnold Chiari malformation |
|
Definition
| disorder: medulla and inferior cerebellum protrude through foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
| Arnold chiari malformation type I |
|
Definition
| disorder: milder form, no defects on lower neural tube; may develop symptoms as adolescent or young adult |
|
|
Term
| Arnold Chiari malformation type II |
|
Definition
| disorder: more severe form, signs present in infancy, often develop hydrocephalus and strong association w/ meningomyelocele |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder: neural tube defect that results when the inferior neuropore doesn't close |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spina bifida associated w/ maternal lack of ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder: neural tube does not protrude through bony defect, spinal cord function is normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder: meninges and sometimes spinal cord protrude through the posterior opening of the vertebra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spina bifida cystica: protrusion of the meninges through the body defect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spina bifida cystica: neural tissue w/ meninges protruding outside the body, always results in abnormal growth of SC and some degree of lower extremity dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spina bifida cystica: malformed spinal cord opened to the surface of the body |
|
|
Term
-cognitive, movement, behavior problems
-physical abnormalities |
|
Definition
| characteristics associated w/ FAS |
|
|
Term
| difficulties w/ attention and impulse control ("jittery") |
|
Definition
| characteristics associated with fetal cocaine exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder: develops motor problems that don't progress after onset |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder: 5 types, can be associated w/ seizures and cognitive deficits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain: neural activity is normal, this type of pain is a normal response; warning symptom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain: no beneficial function; not a warning symptom |
|
|
Term
neuropathic pain
pain matrix dysfunction
pain syndromes |
|
Definition
| 3 types of pathologic pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain: arises as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuropathic pain: painless abnormal sensation in absence of nocioceptor stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuropathic pain: usually felt as tingling or prickling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parathesia: lesion may be anywhere from ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuropathic pain: burning, shooting, or electric "shock" pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuropathic pain: pain sensation from a normally non-painful stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuropathic pain: excessive pain sensitivity to stimuli that are normally midly painful |
|
|
Term
malfunction in neuroplasticity
(healing "gone awry") |
|
Definition
| neuropathic pain is caused by _____ |
|
|
Term
| phantom limb pain, central pain syndrome |
|
Definition
| types of neuropathic pain in the CNS |
|
|
Term
phantom limb pain
(neuropathic) |
|
Definition
| pain: caused by lack of sensory info from missing limb, neurons in central nocioceptive pathway overactivate |
|
|
Term
central pain syndrome
(neuropathic) |
|
Definition
| pain: develops after problem, CVA, SCI, MS; described as burning, shooting, aching, freezing, tingling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| types of neuropathic pain in PNS |
|
|
Term
postherpetic neuralgia
diabetic neuropathy
Guillain-Barre syndome |
|
Definition
| 3 examples of small fiber neuropathy (neuropathic pain in PNS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain: top-down regulation of pain is disturbed, due to abnormal cerebral processing of pain |
|
|
Term
antinociception,
pronociception |
|
Definition
| in pain matrix dysfunction, ______ is reduced or ______ is intensified |
|
|
Term
| absence of nociceptive signals |
|
Definition
| during pain matrix dysfunction, pain occurs in _______ |
|
|
Term
fibromyalgia
migraine
episodic tension type headache (ETTH)
chronic whiplash associated disorder |
|
Definition
| examples of pain matrix dysfunction |
|
|
Term
fibromyalgia
(pain matrix dysfunction) |
|
Definition
| pain: tenderness of muscles and adjacent soft tissues, stiffness of muscles, and aching pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| migraines have higher prevalence in _______ |
|
|
Term
migraine
(pain matrix dysfunction) |
|
Definition
| pain: unilateral location, pulsating/throbbing pain, can interfere w/ daily activities if severe enough, aggravation by routine physical activity |
|
|
Term
episodic tension type headaches
(pain matrix dysfunction) |
|
Definition
| pain: mild-moderate pain, usually bilateral, lasts 30 min-7 days, not aggravated by physical activity, not associated with nausea |
|
|
Term
chronic whiplash associated disorder
(pain matrix dysfunction) |
|
Definition
| pain: neck injury from rapid acceleration or decceleration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain: involve other systems in addition to pain system |
|
|
Term
| chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS), chronic low back pain |
|
Definition
| two types of pain syndromes |
|
|
Term
chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
(pain syndrome) |
|
Definition
| pain: aberrant response to trauma, continuous pain disproportionate to the trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary precipitating factor in CRPS |
|
|
Term
red/pale skin color
excessive sweating
edema, skin atrophy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain: change from tissue damage to a physiologic impairment consisting of muscle guarding, abnormal movement, disuse syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this makes chronic low back pain worse |
|
|
Term
tract
lemniscus
fasciculus
column
peduncle/pyramid |
|
Definition
| names for bundles of myelinated axons (5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NT: ACh receptors at postsynaptic membrane are destroyed in what disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NT: this disease blocks ACh release at the NMJ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NT: decreased levels of this NT exhibits depression, moody, violence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NT: main inhibitory NT in brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NT: main excitatory NT in brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NT: overactivity of glutamate in the brain causes ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NT: excessive release of glutamate causes ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder: PNS demyelination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder: guillian-barre syndrome is symmetrical or assymetrical? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder: autoimmune disease that attacks the Schwann cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder: guillain-barre starts at _____, then moves ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder: CNS demyelination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder: autoimmune disease that attacks the oligodendrocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder: MS is symmetrical or assymetrical? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder: MS affects motor, sensory or both? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder: mysathenia gravis affects the _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder: synaptic transmission at NMJ affected - not enough ACh receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wallerian degeneration occurs in the ______ segment; Central chromatolysis occurs in the ____ segment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a proximal segment dies, the cell body undergoes _____ and dies - soma swells, nucleus moves to periphery and cell function ceases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when cell is in equilibrium, more _____ is inside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intervertebral foramen to exit spinal column |
|
Definition
| B/c spinal cord ends at L1 lower levels have to travel distally to their ________ to ? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glia: important in development b/c it gets rids of unconnected neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glia: have nutritive and clean-up functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LTP is strong in ______ memory - dementia patients remember childhood home but can't remember their breakfast |
|
|
Term
PNS has:
-NGF released from Schwann cells
-healing not inhibited by Nogo (in PNS)
-healing process starts faster; delayed in CNS
-sprouting
-no glial scars (as in CNS) |
|
Definition
| Differences in repiar process of CNS vs. PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| best to start rehab ____ days after injury to CNS/PNS |
|
|
Term
denervatin hypersensitivity,
synpatic hypereffectiveness |
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Definition
| for synpatic changes in CNS after injury, in ______ postsynaptic membrane makes new receptor sites b/c of reduced NT, while in ______ only some branches of presynaptic axon are destroyed, which causes remaining axons to receive all of NT |
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Term
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Definition
| [ain: when it is attributed to organ in one area but felt elsewhere; ex. gallbladder pain felt in shoulder |
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