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Largest planet in solar systems (more than 2.5 times larger than other planets combined) and 318 times more massive than the Earth (thought to be massive enough to almost be classified as a star—but it isn’t) |
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| Fastest rotation of all planets, every 10 hours Differential rotation –the change in speed of Jupiter’s clouds with variation in latitude (example rotation period at poles is different than at the equator)/ also clouds at different latitudes rotate in different directions—helps create storms |
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| Permanently covered with clouds—always in motion because of rotation Clouds can create hurricane/cyclone like storms called white ovals and brown ovals Jupiter has 3 major clouds layers |
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| Jupiter's Belts and Zones |
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| Dark, reddish bands called belts and light bands called zones—they are gases flowing east or west (little north-south motion) stuck on latitude Belts and zones result of the planet’s convection and the rapid differential rotation (gases are pulled along bands of wind) |
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| Jupiter's White and Brown Ovals |
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| White ovals are cool clouds that are higher in atmosphere than Jupiter’s normal clouds, and Brown ovals are warmer and lower clouds—holes in normal cloud layer which last from hours to centuries |
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| Great Red Spot –been maintained by heat welling up from inside Jupiter for 3 centuries |
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| Jupiter has a low density of about 1330 km/m^3; suggests composed primarily of hydrogen and helium surrounding small core of metal and rock (no solid continents, islands, or water oceans on surface) -71% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 5% heavier elements |
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| Jupiter’s mantle is entirely liquid; distinction between gas and liquid is tenuous—hydrogen gradually gets denser until the pressure is high enough to make it a liquid
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| Jupiter loses internal heat easily, since surface is completely liquid—causes heated hydrogen and helium to move upward till they reach cloudtops, where they give off their heat and then they descend back to interior (convection is this process on Earth which drives Earth’s mantle and tectonic plates) |
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| Pressure in liquid interior increases with depth, gravitation force created by Jupiter’s mass compresses and heats interior strongly
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| Jupiter's Magnetic field and Magnetosphere |
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Definition
Below cloudtop pressure high enough to make hydrogen into liquid metallic hydrogen which conducts heat and electricity and generates a powerful magnetic field 14 times strong than Earth’s. Jupiter’s magnetosphere is 16 times larger than the full moon |
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| Jupiter formed from a terrestrial (rock and metal) protoplanet that attracted hydrogen and helium to form its outer layers . Tremendous weight of Jupiter shrank the core to be smaller than Earth’s. Pressure forced ice from core and formed a shell between the solid core and liquid metallic hydrogen layer. Core is 4x hotter than the surface of the sun. |
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| Jupiter's Moons (general) |
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| Jupiter has 63 moons; 4 mains ones (closest inward to further) Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto Gallilean satellites Io and Europa same size as Moon, outer Ganymede and Callisto are roughly size of Mercury |
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-Iron core -orbits Jupiter every 1.8 days -On synchronous rotation with Jupiter -mostly made of Iron and rock -Has geysers that emit plumes rich in sulfur dioxide, most falls back to planet, some escapes into space -geyers associated with 300 volcanoes on Io’s surface -Occurs from gravitational force from its orbit with Jupiter and other satellites—which pull on the moon differently as the distance changes (distance creates change in tidal forces)—creates friction—creating energy that escapes through geysers/volcanoes Sulfur and sulfur dioxide erupts from volcanoes and adds to color of planet -Has thin atmosphere composed of oxygen, sulfur, and sulfur dioxide (1 billionth thick as air we breathe) |
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-might contain water -rotates Jupiter every 3.5 days -synchronous rotation with Jupiter -similar stress that Io undergoes with gravitational force and tidal force—might make enough energy to keep water liquid form below surface -Evidence of water under the surface include ice floes on surface similar to that in Arctic --water movement might create the tectonic plate motion and tidal flexing --salt deposits from evaporated water might make planet red --Might be active; has tectonic plate movement that replenishes surface (few craters) -density slightly less than Io’s --1/4 of mass may be water -metallic core -weak magnetic field -thin atmosphere consisting of oxygen |
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-largest satellite (diameter greater than Mercury/ but density less than Mercury) -permanent magnetic field 2x strong as Mercurys -orbits Jupiter in synchronous rotation every 7.2 days -iron-rich core -rocky mantle -liquid water ocean -thin atmosphere -covering of dirty ice Water believed to be there because of second continuously changing magnetic field –best explained by liquid salt water (which is a good conductor of electricity) -two types of terrain, dark (older, more cratered) parts and lighter (less older, cratered) parts -mountain ridges -used to have tectonic plate activity, now dead |
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-outermost moon -orbits 16.7 days -rotation is synchronous -thin atmosphere of hydrogen and carbon dioxide Liquid water ocean (by changing magnetic field) -heated by radioactive decay within moon -has no younger terrain, all have huge craters (suggests never had tectonic activity-simply froze) -extremely cold on moon |
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