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| a court whose jurisdiction is to review decisions of lower courts or agencies |
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| court that is a unit of a federal District Court and has original jurisdiction over bankruptcy cases |
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| a trial in which there is no jury and the judge decides the case |
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| the accumulation of judicial decisions applied in civil law disputes |
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| Court of International Trade |
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| a court that hears only cases involving particular international trade and customs law questions |
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| the body of law involving cases without a charge of criminality. It concerns disputes between two parties and consists of both statutes and common law |
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| the body of law involving a case in which an individual is charged with violating a specific law. The offense may be harmful to an individual or society and in either case warrants punishment, such as imprisonment or a fine |
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| with all judges or a quorum of judges present |
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| a bar or impediment preventing a party from asserting a fact or a claim inconsistent with a position that party previously took, either by conduct or words, esp. where a representation has been relied or acted upon by others |
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| the rule that evidence, no matter how incriminating, cannot be introduced into a trial if it was not constitutionally obtained. The rule prohibits use of evidence obtained through unreasonable search and seizure |
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| A branch of the United States government with power derived directly from the U.S. Constitution. Federal courts decide cases involving the U.S. Constitution, federal law--for example, patents, federal taxes, labor law and federal crimes, such as robbing a federally chartered bank--and cases where the parties are from different states and are involved in a dispute for $75,000 or more |
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| an offense, as murder or burglary, of graver character than those called misdemeanors, esp. those commonly punished in the U.S. by imprisonment for more than a year |
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| a jury, at common law, of 12 to 23 persons, designated to inquire into alleged violations of the law in order to ascertain whether the evidence is sufficient to warrant trial |
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| a formal accusation initiating a criminal case, presented by a grand jury and usually required for felonies and other serious crimes |
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| a judicial process or order requiring the person or persons to whom it is directed to do a particular act or to refrain from doing a particular act |
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| a judicial philosophy in which judges make bold policy decisions, even charting new constitutional ground. Advocates of this approach emphasize that the courts can correct pressing needs, especially those unmet by the majoritarian political process |
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| a judicial philosophy in which judges play minimal policymaking roles, leaving that strictly to the legislatures |
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| the power of the courts to determine whether acts of Congress, and by implication the executive, are in accord with the U.S. Constitution. Judicial review was established by John Marshall and associates in Marbury v. Madison |
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| The right and power to interpret and apply the law |
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| Landmark Supreme Court Cases |
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| cases that significantly develop the national law |
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