Preventing exposure to ?????

can prevent many cancers

individual carcinogens

*leading carcinogen that causes cancer is tobacco!

The expression of ???

are linked to carcinogenesis because they can act as either oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes.

miRNA's

Expression of miRNA’s has been linked to carcinogenesis because they can act as either oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes

Enviromental tobacco smoke 

(secondhand smoke)

HCAs are compounds that are formed when creatine (a protein found in muscle tissue) plus other amino acids react with sugars under high temperature.

HCAs contribute to the development of cancer by causing genes to mutate, leading to cells growing out of control and eventually the formation of tumor.

Hypomethylation

Loss of imprinting (i.e., the loss of normal allele-specific geneexpression) can also result in cancer when an imprinted, normally silent allele that provides cells with a growth advantage is activated, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and division. For example, along with Wilms' tumor, loss of imprinting of the IGF2 gene is associated with many other types of cancer, including lung, colon, and ovarian tumors (Robertson, 2005). Cancers can also form in cases in which atumor suppressor gene is imprinted, and the single expressed copy of the tumor suppressor is mutated or loses its function (Jirtle & Weidman, 2007).

increased weight/adopisity 

**Adipose cells

Exposure to asbestos increases the risk for                       

Mesothelioma

Prolonged exposure to UVR increases the risk for 

                                .

Ultraviolet radiation causes genetic mutation and induces the release of tumor necrosis factor that causes squamous cell carcinoma and  basal cell carcinoma

Sun exposure (ultraviolet radiation) is the significant factor for the development of melanoma and is related to episodes of intense exposure. 

melanoma 

benzol inhalation is linked to leukemia in shoemakers and in works in the rubber cement, explosives, and dyeing industries. 

At the cellular level, cancer is 

UVR induces the release of ???????   

which may reduce immune surveillance.

???????

changes are mitotically and meiotically heritable

Estrogen & Progesterone play a central role in 

                                   &                             

cancers.

Breast  and Endometrial Cancer 

Estrogen an progesterone play a central role in these two cancers. An increase in estrogen is directly relate to BMI. Breast Cancer is strongly related to postmenopausal women who have never received HRT. Low estrogen levels causes an increase in adiposity, which increases the risk of breast cancer. Mortality rate is higher in women who are heavier versus women who are leaner.

iodizing radiation

So cells have powerful methods to repair this damage as soon as it happens. In your lifetime, each of your cells will have repaired, more or less successfully, several thousand double-stranded DNA breaks. Radiation therapy overwhelms this natural repair system, using high doses of radiation to fragment the DNA in cancer cells.

ROS in large quantities can overwhelm

                    &                       

pathways. 

????????????

can silence tumor-suppressor genes

Methylation (aberrant methylation can lead to silencing of tumor-suppressor genes)

The two most common mechanisms to induce tumor growth are the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. 

The phenotypic effects of epigentic modification during 

development require ????????

before manifesting later in life. 

???????????

accounts for 50% to 60% of cervical cancer.

???? is derived from radioactive decay of uranium, can be trapped in homes, and is carcinogenic to humans

The unique feature of childhood cancer

is its ?????  time

metastasized.   

oh bummer!! 

the treatment of pediatric cancer with ??????

may predispose the child to leukemia in late years.

By age 20, male-to-female ratio for cancer in the U.S. is:

??????

0.9:1.0

not real significant?!?!? 

cancers in ADULTS are characterized by the ???????

of the primary tumor

Brain tumor is associated with ??????

don't think it will be on test. Not mentioned in BBC!

RBI gene

don't think it will be on test. Not mentioned in BBC!

adult cancers

or childhood cancers

are

less curable?

adult cancers

or childhood cancers

have organ involvement

adult cancers

or childhood cancers

are

likely preventable

adult cancers

adult cancers

or childhood cancers

are

generally detected accidently?

adult cancers

or childhood cancers

are

epithelial origin 

adult cancers

or childhood cancers

have high incidence?

adult cancers

adult cancers

or childhood cancers

have 

fewer long-term consequences to treatment

adult cancers

or childhood cancers

have mesenchymal origin

adult cancers

or childhood cancers

have 

host factors that are especially important

childhood cancers

adult cancers

or childhood cancers

involve origin with 

embryonic tumors

the region where most spinal cord injuries

occur are the:  

cervical and lumbar regions

(**rare for it to be thoracic!  Don't pick thoracic!)

focal neurologic defects of brain or retina that usually clear with 1 hour WITHOUT infarct.

**remember she said with TIAs smaller amount of damage occurs, and ALL neuro deficits will resolve within 24 hours.  Studies do show though that peeps that suffer from TIAs have 80% of recurrence in ONE YEAR and it is MORE SEVERE. 

Which of the following is risk factor for

the development of CVA?

a. viral infection

b.  hypertension

c. Diabetes insipidus

d. Hypohomocysteinemia (seriously??)

e.  both b & d are correct  

e.  both b&d are correct

hypertension & Hypohomocysteinemia

which of the following most typically characterizes the victims of a cerebral embolic stroke?

a. individuals older than 65 with hx of HTN

b. individuals with long history of TIAs

c.  middle age individuals with hx of heart disease

d. individuals with gradual symptoms that rapidly disappear

c. middle age individuals with hx of heart disease.

embolic stroke= fragment from elements outside of brain lodge in brain.  A-fib, MI, heart valve, heart prosthesis can all cause embolic strokes!

blood in the CSF of an individual is most likely in ????

cerebrovascular accidents

hemorrhagic 

hemorrhagic= bleeding into brain!

neutrophilic infiltration

*bacterial meningitis usually caused from systemic infection.  bacterial meningitis most common bacterial causes are:  pneumococcal & meningococcal 

encephalitis manifests with:

a. decreased glucose levels in the CSF

b. nerve cell degeneration

c. projective vomiting

d. ventricular infection

b. nerve cell degeneration 

encephalitis is inflammation of brain caused by infection or allergic reaction!

West Nile Virus can cause encephalitis.

clinical manifestations can be mild to dramatic! 

The ?????? sign exhibits pain and increased rigidity of the neck

Brudzinski's neck 

hips & knees flex when the neck is moved.

It is a sign of meningitis

A ????? is the site of dysfunction in myasthenia gravis

neuromuscular junction

*chronic autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction. defect is in nerve impulse transmission at the N-M juction. early sign is ptosis (drooping of eyelid)

MS

multiple sclerosis

The manifestations of hyperthyroidism includes all of the following EXCEPT: 

a. diarrhea

b. constipation

c. weight loss

d. wakefulness 

b. constipation

Mnemonic for Hyperthyroidism:

"SWEATING"

Sweating

Wt. loss

Emotional lability

Appetite increase

Tremor/Tachycardia

Intolerance of heat (thus sweating!) 

Nervousness- awake and agitated

Goiter & Gastric problems

Hypothyroidism in adults is:

a. myxedema

b. addison disease

c. cushing disease

d. graves disease

e. cretinism 

a. myxedema (severe or long standing!)

Mnemonic for Hypothyroidism is

MOM's SO TIRED 

Memory Loss

Obesity

Malor flush 

Slowness

Skin & Hair dry

Onset is GRADUAL

Tired

Intolerance to cold

Raised BP

Energy decreased (tired!!!)

Depressed

Graves disease is:

a. hyperthyroidism

b. associated with autoimmunity

c. manifested by opthalmopathy

c. all of the above

d. all of the above

remember Graves has triad: hyperthyroidism, exophthalmus, goiter

Exophthalmus is defined as "bulging of eyes."

opthalmopathy is defined as "disease of the eyes"

A 24 year old women with history of taking sulfonylurea agents is found in a stuporous state.  She is pale COLD, CLAMMY skin.  What is the likely etiology of her condition?

a. hyperglycemia

b. insulin shock/hypoglycemia 

c. renal failure

d. peripheral neuropathy

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

the end result of hyperthyroidism is:  

a. the production of a goiter

b. graves disease

c. overstimulation of the basal metabolic rate

d. depression of metabolism