1758-1794
French politician, a Jacobin and lawyer, the Incorruptible! Importance: French revolution: Member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly.
Didn't like death penalty, slavery, promoted equality for all. Didn't like that the King tried to run away, got Louis XVI executed with his wife(queen).
He was also in the Committee of Public Safety(which managed the police) in 1793-94, which instituted the Reign of Terror(those who opposed the revolution were executed).
Later on, he was executed in 1794.

1759-1794

A jacobin.
Didn't want the king to rule. In 1791, he wanted people to sign petition to depose the king. This movement was suppressed, and he ran to England,
and came back for the legislature elections. He was minister of justice, elected by legislative assembly. Supported freedom of press.He opposed the separation of church and state.
French revolutionary, one of the founding fathers of the First French Republic. First leader of the Committee of Public Safety.
Later he became more moderate and opposed the Reign of Terror, which lead to his execution.

Austrian. "Let them eat cake".
Tried to run away from France in 1791 with Louis, but they were brought back to Paris.
Wife of Louis XVI, opposed revolution, favored counterrevolution and intervention.
She wanted her bro Leopold II to help them. She wanted a war with Austria, hoping for Austrian victory and defeat of the revolutionaries,
so that her and Louis can return to power. She was charged for inciting the civil war
Executed in 1793 with Louis, after monarchy was abolished in 1792.

on Sep 1791 France became a Monarchi Constitutionnelle where Louis XV had to share power with the revolutionaries and that is why Marie Antoinette seek help from her brother to put Louis back in charge and also to have france declare war Austria. So when France did declare war on Austria she was looked as an enemy and accused of ordering Louis XV to oppose every revolutionaries decisions.

The Boer Wars was the name given to the South African Wars of 1880-1 and 1899-1902, that were fought between the British and the descendants of the Dutch settlers (Boers) in Africa. The First War was a rebellion of Boers (farmers) against British rule that re-established their independence. The Second War ended with the conversion of the Boer republics into British colonies The British action was strongly opposed by many as an example of the worst excesses of imperialism.

Was a result of the Afrikaner republics adapting to the strains of a capitalist system under British overrule. It was unexpectedly costly in lives and money.

Franz Josef I (1830-1916), Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary who divided his empire into the Dual Monarchy, in which Austria and Hungary coexisted as equal partners. In 1879 he formed alliance with Prussian-led Germany, and in 1914 his ultimatum to Serbia led Austria and Germany into WWI.

Ruled between 1848 and 1916; in 1849 he dissolved the Austrian parliament and issued his own constitution, only to cancel it in 1851.

Franz Ferdinand was an archduke and prince, and was the assumptive heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne. His assassination in Sarajevo in 1914 precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused the Central Powers (including Germany and Austria-Hungary) and the Allies of WWI (countries allied with Serbia) to declare war on each other. This started WWI.

He was killed by a Serb on June 28, 1914, when he and his wife were visiting Sarajevo. Although the assassination had taken place on Austro-Hungarian territory and was not an action of the Serbian government, the Habsburgs could now launch their desired war on Serbia and enlist German help if Russia did not accept their justification.

--Unable to get the European powers, especially Great Britain, to agree to Russian goals in the Balkans and the Black Sea, in 1877, Emperor Alexander II declared war on the Ottomans.

--At the Congress of Berlin in 1878, Bismarck saw to it that the Balkans would be divided into controllable units: Bosnia-Herzegovina occupied by Austria; Macedonia returned to the Ottomans; Bulgaria split into a Bulgarian principality and an Ottoman protectorate (eastern Rumelia); and independent Romania established on the Russian border.

--For Russia who decided to ally with France since its neighbors in the Balkans were allied with Germany, the shift away from alliances with the powers on its borders turned out to be a fatal misstep in empire geopolitics: the next all-European war would be fought in Russia's vulnerable western territories. (pgs 355-356, Empires)
-- a factor that caused WWI, as an unstable mix of allied empires once again competed over the Balkans where the Ottoman empires loses had only heated up imperial rivalries and wars among would-be national states
--Later the site for the breakup of Yugoslavia and ethnic cleansing

Was the German General Staff's early 20th century overall strategic plan for victory in a possible future war in which the German Empire might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east. The First World War later became such a war, with both a Western and an Eastern Front.
The plan took advantage of expected differences in the three countries' speed in preparing for war. In short, it was the German plan to avoid a two-front war by concentrating troops in the West and quickly defeating the French and then, if necessary, rushing those troops by rail to the East to face the Russians before they had time to mobilize fully. The Schlieffen Plan was created by Count Alfred von Schlieffen and modified by Helmuth von Moltke the Younger after Schlieffen's retirement; it was Moltke who actually implemented the plan at the outset of World War I. In modified form, it was executed to near victory in the first month of the war. However, the modifications to the original plan, a French counterattack on the outskirts of Paris (the Battle of the Marne) and surprisingly speedy Russian offensives ended the German offensive and resulted in years of trench warfare. The plan has been the subject of intense debate among historians and military scholars ever since.

German’s post-1870 military doctrine. unable to draw on deep reserves, planners realized that a new war would have to be brief and brutal, destroying the enemy in short order. This doctrine was tested in colonial wars and remained at the forefront of German military planning in 1914.

was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties.[1] Although the armistice signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919, and was printed in The League of Nations Treaty Series.

Conference in 1919 between national groups within Europe, Japan, and to a more limited extent Arabs, Jews, and others seeking political recognition. The treaty posited a notion of responsibility before international bodies and provided settings in which the administration of “dependent people” became a subject that could be debated.