·      Founded by Tamerlane’s Chinggisid son, Babur, in 1525

·      Founded in India

·      More populous than ottoman

·      Islamic authority and Persian-influences elite culture overrode the religiously diverse population

·      Provided roads, credit and banking facilities, and security

• lawgiver for his reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system by compiling a book of set laws.
• protect minorities religious groups creating an equitable system

• institution of collecting young boys from across the empire to serve as slaves for the sultans
• they were circumcised and converted to Islam

when enemy vassal states attacked from 2 different sides,
competing against more technologically advanced militaries,
inclusion of differing religions/ ethnicities
controlling and maintaining the loyalty of local elite on the fringe of the empire

getting resources from outter to inner: taxing & protecting from other cultures. need intermediaries

• power extends from family
• king providing protection
• the main fear is that his subjects will abandon him and in order for this to not happen he must provide resources that would not be available from any rival political unit

1) Columbus Landed in America, new  resources and territory for the Habsburgs

2) The Jews are expelled from Spain.Sultan Bayezid II dispatches the Ottoman Navy to bring the Jews safely to Ottoman lands

Inca Empire

Aztec Empire

• Conquered in by Pizarro 1531-33
• Attacked by Hernando Cortez in 1519-21

• these empires were developed for spanish settlement and extraction of labour and resources

• Spanish conquistador during the Habsburg Empire who overtook the aztecs
•  religious agenda
• to fund Spains ongoing feud with Britain

• lacked Cortez’s religious fervor
• desecrating symbols of power then stealing as much gold as possible

• - fortified trading post. Used in West Africa, Mozambique, Mombasa, Hormuz (Persian Gulf) Goa (western India) etc.
• -these feitoras made it possible for Portuguese to develop state institutions in ways they couldn't at home
• -these factories were dependent on location and cheap labor (coercion of African populations in the case of Elmina)

• May 14th, 1607
• Jamestown Settlement in what is now Virginia
• named after James I of England

Saint Domingue

• former French colony
• had rich soil and made lots of money for the French
• (sugar, indigo, etc.) Now Haiti and the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola)
• indigenous pop. wiped out due to overworking and disease, replaced with African workers

Haitian Revolution (and approximate dates)

• 1791-1804
• Two years after French revolution
• Slavery abolished and the reinstated
• Only slave revolt to result in a state
• Resulted in the Haitian republic

Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (United East-Indies Company [Dutch]),

·       created in 1602

·           -1st multinational company

·           -originated when the Dutch wanted to take over Portuguese spice routes

·           -like the Portuguese they had many ports

·           -became richest private company the world had ever seen

• state formed around Kiev
• Solidified empire around state religion, which was originally a pantheon of Nordic, Slavic and Iranian gods until the empire was converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity
• empire crumbled do to competing clans

• moscow
• Riurikid dynasty
• Moscow became the center of a vast and multi-cultural empire of Eastern Christendom

• Responding to the nobility’s complaint of the lack of stable labor, the Romanovs established the serf system in 1649, the end of the rights of peasants to leave a landed estate

• Peter was the founder of Academy of Science, Russia’s first newspaper, and the Holy Synod
• opening up Russia to western culture and education was his greatest legacy

• rewarding nomadic tribes who kept the Yuan supplied with horses
• conquering of Tibet

• Under the command of a former peasant, Hongwu
• Ming did not follow up their long-distance voyages with colonization, and instead focused on further consolidating the domestic economy and existing trade routes
• an educated bureaucratic system led to a highly effective state control and efficiency

Qing

• the Qing focused on cultural issues in governance
• The Qing managed to avoid the breakup traditional to empires by cracking down on dissent of subordinate lords

• traditional Chinese philosophical concept concerning the legitimacy of rulers
• heaven would bless the authority of a just ruler

• attempt to end a prolonged period of religious and dynastic conflict in Europe, and promote religious tolerance
• this treaty led to the creation of the modern state system, and the idea of territorial sovereignty

• The idea of Nationalism is that each ethnicity or even language group should have its own sovereign state or country
• empires should be broken up into their individual ethnic groups

• the war (1756-63) was fought in the Americas, India, over the seas and in Europe
• result of inter-empire disputes over expansion and sovereignty
• The outcome of the war left both winners and losers in heavy debt. It was the taxes to pay off these debts that led the conflict with colonials paying the debt, eventually playing a part in the French and American Revolutions.

• In response to the debts accumulated through the seven years’ war, Britain and the East India Company forced the American colonies to buy tea shipped by the East India Company, hurting American merchants
• In protest, in 1773 a group of American Patriots disguised themselves as Indians and took over a docked British merchant ship, throwing the tea into the Boston harbor
• pivotal step in the development of the American Revolution

• trade with the East Indies but which ended up trading mainly with the subcontinent