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| a drawing of a natural object or event. a petroglyph is a picture carved in rock |
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the idea that a picture would convey meaning more than just the actual picture.
example: a drawing of the sun's disk and rays means heat or warmth, and not just the sun |
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| born when a picture became a single sign that suggested a single sound |
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* credited with developing the art of writing
* kept records by scratching marks on pieces of clay
* progressed to using a stamp seal to keep records
* eventually moved on to the cylinder seal |
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* began using phonetic signs
* utilized many of the Sumarian inventions
* used three different kinds of writing: Hieroglyphics, Hieratics, and Demotics
* used a 24 character alphabet that is where the Greek alphabet originated from |
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| a 22 letter alphabet that contains some of today's English letter roots |
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* literally means "sacred carved letters"
* used mainly for religiou display |
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* egyption form of writing that is for everyday use in business, letters, medical texts, and literary works
* used for both secular and religious writing
* eventually became strictly a sacred script |
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* replaced hieratic as the script used in mundane business
* combined whole groups of hieroglyphs into a single sign
* used a mixture of picture and sound signs |
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* the oldest script that is still in use
* began from a pure picture form, and phonetic elements were eventually added |
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* chinese superintendant of a weapons factory
* created paper in 105 A.D.
* cooked a mush made of cut-up plant fibers, bark, hemp, rags, and water, and then poured the pulp onto screens made of bamboo strips. the dried result was paper |
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| a handwritten official newspaper that circulated news to government officials within the postal network of the T'ang dynasty in china |
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| * modified the phoenician alphabet and eventually changed it to the standard alphabet we use today (minus the 'C' or 'V') |
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| Greek Writing Tools and Surfaces |
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* used the brush, reed pen, waxed tablet, stylus, and papyrus that were used in egypt
* made parchment by bleaching goat or sheep skin and rubbing the surface smooth
* the parchment had many advantages: long lasting, held ink without smearing, could be used on both sides, and could be rolled up or bound into a book |
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| one of the earliest means found to keep large manuscripts together. example: the Pentateuch |
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* developed a primitive "telegraph" used for communicating over distances by using signal fires to convey military information
* after the Greek domination of Egypt, Alexandria was the largest city in the ancient world, and its' library contained appx. 750,000 papyrus volumes |
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| Acta Diurna Populi Romani |
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* translation: daily acts/occurrences of the Roman people
* considered the forerunner of the modern newspaper
* survived for at least two centuries
* developed from three predecessors: the Acta Senatus, the Album, and newsletters |
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| official records kept on the deiberations of the Roman Senate |
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* a white tablet set up outside the home of Pontifex Maximus at the east end of the Roman Forum
* contained accounts of ceremonies in which the ruling consuls and other officials participated
* updated daily, so it essentially chronicled roman history |
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* scribes were paid to compile a summary of news on a regular basis
* scribes are considered history's first professional reporters
* work by the scribes was often considered unsatisfactory |
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* used by Roman emperor Agustus as a form of propaganda
* printed his face on one side and information on the other |
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* before the invention of printing with movable type, copies of books had to be done by hand
* monks did most of the work
* it soon became a requirement for monestaries to have |
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* widely accepted that he invented the modern printing system
* very little is known about him, since he worked in strict secrecy and never signed any of his books
* it is certain that he/the people he worked with pulled the technology available around 1450 that made printing with movable type a practical reality |
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*a technique begun around 1430, which involved casting a lead printing block or plate from a cay mold
* results were frequently illegible |
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* produced in 1455 or 1456
* press run of between 70 and 270 copies
* aided in making book publishing a profitable and international enterprise |
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| an englishman who's printing of the book 'History of Troy' is widely considered to be the first book every printed in english |
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Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye
(History of Troy) |
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* widely considered to be the first book ever printed in english
* printed by William Caxton |
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| published the earliest known printed english version of a portion of the bible in 1526 |
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| published the first complete english version of the bible in 1535 |
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| Index of Prohibited Books |
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* issued by the papacy in 1564
* a list of books which catholics were forbidden to read and faced severe punishment if they did not comply
* updated every 50 years |
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* translated: currents of news
* prototype of the modern newspaper
* born in Holland appx. 1618
* first english translation was by the Dutch, not the English |
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| * founded the 'Oxford Gazette' in 1665 in England |
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* founded by Henry Muddiman in 1665
* considered England's first newspaper in the modern sense
* served as the mouthpiece for the British government
* eventually changed its name to the 'London Gazette' |
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* England's first daily newspaper
* most likely founded by Mrs. Elizabeth Mallett in 1702
* remarkable because it closely resembled modern journalism |
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* established in 1641
* published the daily proceedings of Parliament
* considered the first news periodical produced in England
* one of the first periodicals to use illustrations |
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* wrote Areopagitica, which is considered one of the most ringing endorsements of free speech ever written
* appointed to Council of State after the Puritans had overthrown the British monarchy in 1649 |
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| argued that based on the individual's right to inerpret Scripture, they also had the authority to determine the nature of government |
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| wrote the book 'A briefe and true report,' which talked about the idea of converting the Indians to Christianity |
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| recognized the value of publishing tales that mariners brought back to England from their voyages to America |
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* written by John Hammond in 1656
* targeted the lower socio-economic classes
* compared life in Virginia to life in the poor homes of England |
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* seen by the European immigrants as devil-worship
* sparked a widespread attempt to convert the natives to Christianity |
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* famous for his story of being saved from death by Pocahontas
* enthusiastically promoted settlement in both Virginia and New England |
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* a puritan who learned the Indians' language and began the task of converting them to Christianity
* translated the bible into Algonquin |
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* translated into the language of the Algonquins by John Eliot
* was the first book ever printed in America
* the New Testament appeared in 1661 and the Old Testament appeared in 1663 |
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| a puritan that was opposed to mvoing to America until he searched the bible and found justification for fleeing to New England where fellow puritans could practice their religion in peace |
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| The Present State of the New-English Affairs |
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* printed in 1689 by Massachusets leader Increase Mather
* printed in the format of a newspaper, but there was never any intention of continuing production so it wasn't a newspaper |
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* the Anglican governor of New England from 1686 to 1689
* placed heavyhanded restrictions on the printing press
* changed laws without bothering to inform the public about the changes |
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* Protestants in Maryland took up arms against their Catholic governors
* William Nuthead inaugurated the new Maryland press in 1689 by printing something in the rebels' defense |
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| First American Printing Press |
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| arrived in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1638 |
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* printed in Boston in 1689
* focused on educating the young
* served as the main school textbook for 50 years and was used to teach reading for another 100 years |
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| author of one of the most widely read books in the American colonies, called 'The Book of Martyrs' |
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* printed in either 1638 or 1639 from the press in Cambridge
* printed by Stephen Daye |
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| the majority of the printed materials in America in the 1600's had a basis in Christianity |
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| Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick |
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* America's first newspaper
* printed in 1690 by Benjamin Harris
* suppressed after only one issue because Harris had not obtained permission to print it |
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| before the appearances of newspapers, taverns provided the best means for the spread of news |
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* the first successful newspaper
* published by John Campbell in 1704
* approved by the royal governor in advance, so the content wasn't exciting at all |
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* started in 1719 by James Franklin (Benjamin Franklin's older brother)
* created the first sense of journalistic competition in America |
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* started by John Checkley and Dr. William Douglass
* printed by James Franklin |
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| The New-England Weekly Journal |
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* founded in 1727 by Samuel Kneeland
* sided primarily with the Puritan majority |
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* founded in 1734
* heavily favored the British |
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* Benjamin Franklin's pen name
* he contributed a series of letters signed by the widow Silence Dogood to the New-England Courant
* identity was kept secret because his brother James would have stopped publishing them |
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| The American Weekly Mercury |
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| founded in 1719 by William Bradford in Philadelphia |
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| Benjamin Franklin was able to buy this paper at a low price and eventually made it one of the most successful newspapers of the time |
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| * issued in 1725 by William Bradford,who had left Philadelphia because of pressure from the Quakers |
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| The New-York Weekly Journal |
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| founded in 1733 by John Peter Zenger |
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* the first political cartoon
* created by Benjamin Franklin and appeared in the Pennsylvania Gazette
* warned colonials that if they didn't join together with the Indians to fight the French then they would all die separately |
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* passed in 1765 by the British government
* required that all legal documents, official papers, books, and newspapers be printed on stamped paper that carried a special tax
* not a single newspaper was ever published on stamped paper |
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* founded by John Mein
* very pro-British and had no problem openly criticizing people supporting the Patriot cause |
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* founded in 1773 by Jemmy Rivington
* very pro-British
* Rivington had a big ego so he had no problem publishing his anti-patriot feelings |
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* a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that confronted colonials directly with the idea of independence
* arguably paved the way for the Declaration of Independence |
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* produced one of the leading journals favoring the Patriot cause called the Massachusetts Spy
* became the first historian of American Journalism after the Revolution |
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* founded in 1763 as Georgia's first newspaper
* remained sympathetic to Britain throughout the Revolution |
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| The Gazette of the United States |
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| * founded in 1789 by John Fenno |
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| a term coined by Benjamin Russell when he noticed that the shape of one district in Boston resembled that of a salamander |
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| The New York Evening Post |
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* founded in 1801 with support from Alexander Hamilton and other federalists
* possessed superior offices, supplies, and workmanship
* edited by William Coleman |
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| General Advertiser (The Aurora) |
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| forerunner among the Republican newspapers because of editor Benjamin Franklin Bache's inside knowledge of politics and his hard-hitting writing style |
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* wrote poetry about the American war for independence
* called "The Poet of the Revolution"
* condemned by President George Washington and eventually given the nickname "that rascal Freneau" |
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| The National Intelligencer |
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| became the voice of Presidents Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe as well as something of the official record of the government |
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| The Three Most Influential Jacksonian Editors |
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* Amos Kendall
* Duff Green
* Thomas Ritchie |
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| ran the 'New York Courier and Enquierer,' which had the largest circulation of any newspaper in America in 1830 |
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* founded the 'Boston Recorder' in 1816
* America's first religious newspaper |
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* started in 1783 by Benjamin Towne by increasing the publication frequency of his weekly 'Pennsylvania Evening Post and Daily Advertiser'
* purpose was to serve the commercial needs of the city |
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| Newspapers of the Party Period |
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* emphasized word content rather than graphics
* most of the news was national news as opposed to local news |
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* introduced in the 1820's
* first cylinder press ever used in the United States |
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* arguably the most famous encounter between the press and colonial authorities
* occurred in New York in the early 1730's
* based on the indictment of John Peter Zenger, who was the printer of the 'New-York Weekly Journal' |
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| a group of people supporting the Patriot cause including Benjamin Edes of the Boston Gazette, William Goddard of the Providence Gazette, and John Holt of the New York Gazette or Weekly Post Boy |
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* used as weapons against leading Republican editors
* supported by federalists
* goal was to silence any support of revolutionary France that existed in the United States
* another goal was to ensure that Republican newspapers were unable to back Thomas Jefferson's bid for the presidency in 1800 |
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* a judge that presided over the trials for the Sedition Act
* known for having a violent temperament |
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| indicted for remarks he made at a parade honoring President John Adams |
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* editor of the Wasp in Hudson, New York
* brought down the ire of Republican politicians when he reprinted a charge from another Federalist newspaper that Thomas Jefferson had paid Republican editor to criticize John Adams |
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| came up with the idea for a cheap newspaper because he noticed that people were quick to purchase things that only cost a penny |
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* the first successful penny daily
* founded by Benjamin Day in 1833 |
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* served as the editor of the Evening Post for 50 years
* established himself as one of America's pre-eminent editorial writers and spokesmen on political issues
* also earned a repuation as a poet and a literary critic |
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* built in 1846 for the Philadelphia Ledger
* the Hoe Company's first "type revoling press" |
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* a printer inovolved in one of the first attempts at a cheap newspaper
* founded the New York Tribune in 1841
* brought in the most talented journalists of the era to work for the Tribune |
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* owned by Benjamin Day
* one of the first successful penny newspapers
* contained the first big story of the penny press era, reporting discovery of life on the moon
* soon became known as the "moon hoax" |
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* founder of the New York Herald
* spoke his mind and wasn't afraid to use language that was considered slang by the day's standards
* put the Herald on a pay-as-you-go basis |
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* the first female foreign correspondent
* began writing for Greeley's New York Tribune in 1844 |
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| * founded the New York Times in 1851 |
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| the idea that there were no longer one-person shops, and that creating a newspaper utilized large organizations, often of more than 100 people |
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* wrote arguably the most influential early abolitionist publications
* famous of his 1821 paper 'Genius of Universal Emancipation' |
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* editor of The Liberator
* wrote about the inhumanity of slavery
* his writing possessed a shock effect and as a result, he gained tremendous public attention
* one of the first to argue that slaves were humans equal to whites |
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| founded the National Era, which emphasized moderation and gained the largest circulation of any abolition newspaper |
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* founded by Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm in 1827
* the first African-American newspaper
* emphasized the spiritual, moral, and educational improvement of free blacks |
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* founded by John H. Townsend and Mifflin W. Gibbs in 1856
* the first African-American newspaper to be published on the Pacific Coast |
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| a group of the most prominent Southern writers that were against emancipation |
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* editor of the Chicago Tribune
* opposed slavery and was very pro-Union |
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| an artist who used his art as a way of reporting the events of the Civil War |
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* transformed how the public viewed war
* photography became an accepted part of wartime journalism |
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| the idea that it was America's "destiny" to spread from the Atlantic to the Pacific |
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* founded in 1828 by Elias Boudinot
* goals were to help Christianize fellow Cherokees and to promote the idea of a separate Cherokee nation |
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* one of the nation's strongest advocates of westward expansion
* U.S. senator and co-editor of the St. Louis Enquirer |
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* founded the American Farmer in 1819
* the nation's first farm journal used to provide information and to promote effective farming methods |
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| specialized publications developed in the first half of the nineteenth century to serve frontier farming interests |
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| The Last Plains Indian War |
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| The Sioux War of 1876 was the last major attempt of the Plains Indians to resist intrusions by the white population onto native lands |
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