Term
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Definition
Characterized by:
Storage, Representation & Retrieval
Longevity
Capacity
Portability
Accessibility
Reproducibility |
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Term
| info management (storage size) |
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Definition
Bit = one unit of information (“on” or “off”)
Byte = Eight bits
Kilobyte (KB) = 1,024 bytes
Megabyte (MB) = 1,024 KB
Gigabyte (GB) = 1,024 MB
Terabyte (TB) = 1,024 GB
Petabyte (PB) = 1,024 TB
Exabyte (EB) = 1,024 PB |
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Definition
| a diverse set of independent networks, interlinked to provide its users with the appearance of a single, uniform network |
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Definition
designing a military communication network that could survive a nuclear strike
packet switching—cutting messages into little pieces and sending them on along the easiest route to their final destination
message reassembled on the receiving computer |
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Definition
| coined the name packet switching |
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Definition
| in 1968, demonstrated computer interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| hypertext all the world’s literature available in hypertext |
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Term
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Definition
| material in a format containing links that allow the reader to move easily from one section to another and from document to document |
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Term
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Definition
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
Universities supplied with large, expensive computers
in Fall 1969 ARPAnet connected four institutions
initial nodes were:
University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA)
Stanford Research Institute
University of California-Santa Barbara
University of Utah
first message from UCLA to Stanford
coincided with first moon landing |
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Term
| E-mail and Instant Messaging |
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Definition
electronic mail (email)—a message sent from one computer user to another across a network
initially limited to messages on a single computer |
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Term
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Definition
developed a system to send messages across systems
created the addressing format
@ fit format, and was not already in use |
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Term
| Creating the Internet’s protocols |
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Definition
Mid 1970s to early 1980s
Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf
invented TCP/IP
TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol
allowed for conversion and transmission of messages across previously incompatible networks
This sets a standard for all networks, and generates the use of the term Internet as the net of nets |
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Term
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Definition
In 1989, British researcher, Tim Berners-Lee invented a network-based implementation of the hypertext concept.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
Opened the World Wide Web in 1991
By releasing his invention to public use, he ensured the technology would become widespread. FREE!!!
For his work in developing the World Wide Web, Berners-Lee received the Millennium technology prize in 2004. |
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Term
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Definition
The basic technology is free.
Principles:
Information of all kinds should be available through the same window, or information space.
All documents on the Web must be equally accessible.
There must be a single address that will take users to a document.
Users should be able to link to any document at any space.
Users should be able to access any type of material from any type of computer.
Users should be able to create whatever types of relationships between information that they want to.
The Web should be a tool not just for information but also for collaboration.
There is no central control.
The Web software should be available free to anyone who wants to use it. |
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Term
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Definition
World Wide Web—a system that allows users to view and link documents located anywhere in the world using standard software
Uniform resource locator (URL)
the address of content placed on the Web
Controlling content on the Web:
open forum where anyone can publish anything
great deal of inappropriate material for kids
filtering software
original Net built to prevents blocks and barriers |
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Term
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Definition
A unique identifier for a computer on a TCP/IP network
Format: four 8-bit numbers separated by periods. Each 8-bit number can be 0 to 255
IP addresses are fine for computers, but difficult to recognize and remember for humans
A domain name is a meaningful, easy-to-remember ‘label’ for an IP address
Example:
216.239.33.101 www.google.com |
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Term
| Bringing the Net to the Public |
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Definition
Berners-Lee’s browser:
limited to certain computers, no graphics
Mosaic:
first easy-to-use graphical Web browser
created by Marc Andreessen at the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana
1 million downloads after release
Andreessen and Jim Clark founded Netscape Communications
Netscape Navigator:
first commercial Web browser
65 million using it in two years |
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Term
| Is It Really a World Wide Web? |
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Definition
One in five American adults do not use the internet.
Main reason is that they don’t think it’s relevant to them
2% of adults have a disability or illness that prevents them from using the internet at all.
As of Dec. 2011 32.7% of world population has Internet access:
Barriers:
language—80 percent of Web sites are English
costs and lack of basic technology:
electric and telephone service |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is the aspect of our lives that relies on visual imagery to convey meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| When we receive messages from our senses other than sight, our minds automatically make mental images of what is being communicated to make sense of it |
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Term
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Definition
is the ability to evaluate, apply, or create visual representations and understand their meaning
This includes understanding visual media such as photographs, paintings, and drawings |
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Term
| A Visually Literate Citizen |
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Definition
Discern fiction vs nonfiction in visual messages
Discern real content vs pretty gimmicks.
Make informed responses to the visual messages surrounding us
Communicate using sound visual principles
A good photograph….
Grabs attention
Provides information by showing (not telling)
Entertains the reader/viewer |
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Term
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Definition
| a dark box or room with a small hole in it that allowed an inverted image of an outside scene to be shown on the opposite inner wall |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of creating a positive photographic image on a metal plate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Iconic images are images that have widely shared, culturally determined meanings
Iconic images are also called visual representations
Examples are the Christian cross and the Muslim crescent moon
Iconic images are sometimes quite visually literal
Like a flag-draped coffin
These images convey meaning and facilitate the communication of a story |
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Term
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Definition
Composite—The fusing of two separate photographs
Throughout the history of photography, there have always been ways to manipulate images
In the 20th century, photographic manipulation techniques became more sophisticated and widespread |
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Term
| Photography vs. Photojournalism |
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Definition
Photos should not be staged – photojournalists record events AS THEY HAPPEN, not as we want them to happen
Exception: Group/club photos, mug shots
Subjects in photos must grant permission; all subjects must be accurately identified
Photos should not be altered to change the content of the photo |
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Term
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Definition
The beginnings of photojournalism occurred in the middle of the nineteenth century.
photographers documented the U.S. American-Mexican war in the 1840s
uprisings in India and China in the 1850s and 1860s
Mathew Brady--with the aid of Alexander Gardner and George N. Barnard, among others--produced Civil War images in the United States between 1862 and 1864 |
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Term
| technological developments |
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Definition
The rise of photojournalism parallels the technological, social, and economic developments of the times, including the perfection of printing techniques to reproduce photographic images.
HALFTONE
The invention of the halftone was a technical and artistic miracle. Ink, which previously had been applied in solid sheets, could now be printed in tiny dots that the eye perceived as shades of gray. The result was an illusion of dimension that made the printed photograph possible and changed the way the world communicates. |
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Term
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Definition
When photographers take a picture, they frame reality and freeze the moment in time
Photography affords us controlled slices of reality, rather than unbiased representations of reality
The meaning of images are based on decisions that photographers make before and after the shoot
The U.S. government turned to documentary photographers for help fighting the Depression. The Farm Security Administration enlisted photographers to document their activities and the lives and situations of the dust bowl farmers |
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Term
| Convergence in Visual Communication |
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Definition
The integration of text, images, sound, video, and graphics to tell a journalistic story.
The success of many backpack journalists is based on their ability to produce these types of multi-media stories. |
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Term
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Definition
Sexuality has long been celebrated as a form of visual and cultural expression in the media
Nudity is used in art and photography to express human emotions
Photographic techniques can make these images sensual or erotic |
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Term
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Definition
The introduction of digital cameras has greatly augmented the capacity for reporting up-to-the-minute news from around the world.
Not limited by exposures on a roll of film, digital chips can store up to a thousand images, and are less sensitive to airport x-rays and exposure to light. |
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Term
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Definition
Transmitting information through light, in some ways goes back to the first optical telegraph, except today it’s done through hair-thin glass or plastic fibers. Fiber optics allow for huge amounts of information to be transmitted at the speed of light.
a. The age of high-speed transmission of information began in the eighteenth century, when French clergyman-turned-military-engineer Claude Chappe and Swedish nobleman Abraham Niclas Edelcrantz built the first high-speed data network, an optical telegraph.
b. England used an optical telegraph system to communicate between London and its south coast, and Napoleon also used one in Europe in the early 1800s during his military campaigns.
c. Almost all of the major communication lines within the United States now use fiber optics to send information. |
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Term
| Historical Development of the Internet and World Wide Web |
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Definition
| Online communication began in 1969 with the launch of the Advanced Research Projects Agency network, or ARPAnet. ARPAnet was the first national computer network, connecting many universities around the country for advanced, high-speed computing applications and research. Still, there was no “common language” or protocol that computers could use to easily transmit information via the network. Email is one of the first things people learn before also communicating through instant messaging, chatrooms or social media sites like Facebook. Ray Tomlinson, a computer engineer, invented email in 1971. |
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Term
| The Digital Realm is categorized by |
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Definition
1. storage
2. representation
3. retrieval
these 3 characterizations are made up of Storage, Representation & Retrieval
Longevity, Capacity, Portability, Accessibility, Reproducibility |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| demonstrated computer interaction in 1968 |
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Term
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Definition
Transmitting information through light, in some ways goes back to the first optical telegraph, except today it’s done through hair-thin glass or plastic fibers. Fiber optics allow for huge amounts of information to be transmitted at the speed of light.
a. The age of high-speed transmission of information began in the eighteenth century, when French clergyman-turned-military-engineer Claude Chappe and Swedish nobleman Abraham Niclas Edelcrantz built the first high-speed data network, an optical telegraph.
b. England used an optical telegraph system to communicate between London and its south coast, and Napoleon also used one in Europe in the early 1800s during his military campaigns.
c. Almost all of the major communication lines within the United States now use fiber optics to send information. |
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Term
| Historical Development of the Internet and World Wide Web |
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Definition
| Online communication began in 1969 with the launch of the Advanced Research Projects Agency network, or ARPAnet. ARPAnet was the first national computer network, connecting many universities around the country for advanced, high-speed computing applications and research. Still, there was no “common language” or protocol that computers could use to easily transmit information via the network. |
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Term
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Definition
| B. is one of the first things people learn before also communicating through instant messaging, chatrooms or social media sites like Facebook. Ray Tomlinson, a computer engineer, invented email in 1971. |
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Term
| Creating an Internet Protocol |
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Definition
| Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn introduced the term “Internet” but it did not officially start until 1982 when the Defense Department adopted the design of a transmission control protocol (TCP) and key principles (IP) that underlie today’s Internet protocols. |
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Term
| Creating the World Wide Web |
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Definition
1. British researcher Tim-Berners Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1991 to open the Internet to more than researchers.
2. http hypertext transfer protocol was created in 1991 to enable computers to communicate. Content on a Web page is marked up using what is known as hypertext markup language or HTML, or variations of it.
3. Technically speaking, the Web is made up of an interconnected set of computer servers on the Internet. A URL, uniform resource locator, or Web address, is used by the Web server to know which information to serve. |
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Term
| Creating Graphical Web Browers |
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Definition
the Web browser is most users’ window into the world of online communications.
1. Marc Andreeson created Mosaic in 1993, when he worked at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana. Mosaic eventually became netscape.
2. Microsoft created internet explorer in 1996 and had 99 percent of the browser market in three years.
3. Firefox, an open-source browser, was launched in late 2004 by the Mozilla Foundation to be the first serious competition to IE. By mid-2011, Firefox had captured 28 percent of the browser market. |
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Term
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Definition
| A. This law was created by RCA executive and radio and television pioneer David Sarnoff, who promoted the idea that the more people on the network, or the more listeners or viewers, the more valuable that network is. Radio and television networks are examples. |
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Term
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Definition
| This law states that the value of a communications network increases roughly to its square. Robert Metcalfe, creator of the Ethernet protocol and founder of networking company 3Com, developed the law in 1993. |
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Term
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Definition
| This law claims that the utility of a network with n members increases exponentially, or 2 to the nth power. David Reed discovered this idea in 1999, and it is especially relevant in the Web 2.0 world. |
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Term
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Definition
| A. Web 2.0 was coined at a 2004 conference by technology publisher O’Reilly and generally describes the fundamental changes taking place in online media today. Another term for it is “social media,” which has been defined as everything from “the use of technology combined with social interaction to activities that integrate technology, social interaction and the construction of words and pictures. |
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Term
| Differences with Traditional Media |
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Definition
1. There is a change from a broadcast or monologue model of one-to-many to a more dialogic model of many-to-many communication.
2. With traditional media, communication options include sharing thoughts in interpersonal exchanges, writing a letter to media organizations or local newspaper editors, buying ads in the newspaper, distributing flyers, or planning a gathering that attracts news coverage.
3. Communication options for social media include TV network discussion boards or other discussion groups or fan sites, creating mash-up videos that are then uploaded to YouTube, attracting mainstream news with the video.
4. A complete media ecosystem can be created and sustained through social interaction using tools that social media provide. Mainstream media may still play a role, of course, but it does not have to be involved like in the past. It’s called a “publish, then filter” model; traditional media industries use the exact opposite approach.
5. Cost divides social and traditional media, too. Most people cannot afford to start a newspaper or create a radio or television station. However, the costs for creating media content with digital media and the Internet, and widely distributing, are well within the reach of many.
6. Traditional media, however, serve an important “agenda-setting” function in that they give us much of the material that we talk about, even if they do not necessarily tell us what to think.
7. Traditional media also tend to amplify events through media coverage. Audiences with traditional media are still larger than the majority of social media sites. |
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Term
| II. What Is “Social” About Social Media? |
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Definition
| II. People’s media habits are changing, although some say traditional media are no less social than what is being touted as a revolutionary, transformative new kind of media. |
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Term
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Definition
A. Choice: People use a variety of ways to interact and find media content that suits their tastes in styles and genres. Through search engines, recommendations from friends, RSS feeds, and traditional media channels, people today are generally more proactive in getting what they want.
B. Conversation: This is the defining characteristic of social media. Discussion groups, Usenet, e-mail, IM, and Twitter have been or continue to be important tools that give people the ability to communicate easily with each other on a scale and in ways that they could not do with traditional media.
C. Curation: The social media environment shifts the role of the traditional gatekeepers of information and knowledge to one of “gatewatching.” People gather and classify content on their own, seldom relying on the opinion of media professionals and librarians.
D. Creation: Digital media tools make it easy for people to create content. However, the digital culture freely borrows from existing media to create something new, challenging intellectual property laws.
E. Collaboration: This underpins much of social media and, in some political or social movements, goes from the online realm to offline. |
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Term
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Definition
A. E-Mail: E-mail, or electronic mail, was one of the first uses of the Internet and is still the most popular use. It is an exchange of messages via telecommunication between two people or multiple people, depending on the mailing list.
1. Listservs are automated mailing list administrators that allow for easy subscription, subscription cancellation, and sending of e-mails to subscribers on the list.
2. An opt-in list has consumers who have requested, or agreed to receive, specific information from media organizations or others.
3. Spam, considered the scourge of e-mail, is unsolicited e-mail advertising.A. Discussion Boards and Web Forums: These are types of online “bulletin boards” where Internet users can post messages that can be seen by others coming to the discussion board and in which they can post responses or create their own discussions on a new topic.
1. Discussion boards are a vital form of mass communication on the Internet. Their format and asynchronous nature allows for relatively lengthy expositions on topics written whenever is convenient for the person sending the message.
2. Usenet was created in 1979 as a precursor to the Web forums. Discussion boards are separated by categories called newsgroups.
3. One weakness of discussion boards is that a few individuals can monopolize the conversation space, either by sending unrelated messages or numerous messages on variations of the same topic.
4. Discussion boards can provide value to members who do not post messages but simply read what others are writing, a practice called lurking.
B. Chat Rooms: Chat rooms are “virtual rooms” in which a community of users can visit and talk with each other through text messages, in real time.
1. They are synchronous, or take place in real time, so media organizations can use them to promote special guests online and let the audience “speak” to them.
2. Some chatter can monopolize the conversation as well or repeatedly post the same message, a practice called scrolling.
C. Blogs: Blogs, or weblogs, are Web pages of short, frequently updated postings by an individual that are arranged chronologically, much like a series of diary entries or journal pages.
1. The earliest blogs go back to 1994 but it was not until 1999 that blogs started increasing in popularity because new software tools did not require knowing HTML code or programming.
2. News organizations now encourage their journalists to have blogs, although initially they were slow to adopt them as part of their media environment.
3. One element of blogs is that they tend to have a raw, honest, and unfiltered quality to them.
4. Blogs have also moved from their text roots to easily include video, audio, and multimedia, and occasionally play a curatorial role by finding the best and most interesting ideas and making relevant comments about that content.
5. Microblogs work the same way as blogs except the messages are shorter.
a. Twitter, the most popular microblog, allows only 140 characters to be sent at a time, or “tweeted.” Launched in July 2006, it had 200 million users by March 2011 who generated 350 million tweets a day.
b. Tumblr allows for easy uploads of text and multimedia. It was founded in 2007.
D. Wikis: Wikis are essentially Web pages that allow anyone to edit them. The word means “quick” or “speedy” in Hawaiian.
1. Ward Cunningham created the first wiki in 1994, calling it WikiWikiWeb so computer programmers could share information with each other.
2. Wikipedia used a version of a wiki system in 2001 for its new encyclopedia that encouraged anyone to contribute and edit.
3. One important aspect of wikis is the ability to see the editing history of any particular page and revert to an earlier version if needed.
4. The ability of anyone to change any content on a page at any time has spawned “trolls,” or people who purposely insert false or nonsensical information as Wikipedia entries.
E. Social-Networking Sites: These sites differ from other types of social media by allowing users to show the connections they have, or allowing others to see their social networks.
1. Two early examples of social networking sites are Classmates.com, founded in 1995 to get people back in touch with former classmates from college, high school, and even grade school, and SixDegrees, started in 1997 to help people find social network connections that they otherwise might not realize existed.
2. Friendster, launched in 2003, was the first social networking site that had features similar to what we see today with Facebook, LinkedIn, and MySpace. It was created to help people connect with old friends and make new ones, and has over 90 million registered users.
3. MySpace was launched in 2003, and although it was immensely popular in 2006, it lost that position to Facebook. It is now owned by Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp.
4. Facebook began as a project within Harvard University in late 2003 and has rapidly expanded to become the most popular social networking site. Its estimated value today is up to $5 billion.
5. All of the social networking sites developed within the past few years provide a variety of communication and sharing tools, and many encourage users to develop
applications that make the sites even more useful to participants. This underscores the importance of the open-source movement in which people collaborate for reasons other than monetary rewards. |
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Term
| Why Social Networks Matter |
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Definition
A. Early social media such as e-mail and discussion groups gave people the communicative tools to connect, but still did not allow people to visualize their social networks.
B. Social networking sites have helped make visible our connections with others either as “influencers,” or people who others tend to follow, or as “hubs” or people with many connections in a network. We have close bonds with others or weak links, which mean that our connections are not as frequent or as close as strong ties.
C. Now, the power of mapping social networks can be seen in ways to collect information that can enhance a career, get a job or network, or connect in other social ways.
D. Six degrees of separation is an idea that everyone in the world is connected by at most six other people in a social network.
E. Social networks have been used in studying how boards of directors in various companies are interconnected and how one company can help another through that association. |
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Term
| Conclusion: Looking Back and Moving Forward |
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Definition
A. The changes social media have brought in a relatively short time have long-lasting implications for culture, business, and society that researchers are only beginning to explore.
B. The difference in relationship between media producers and the audience is one of the biggest changes.
C. The networks that have formed through online communication, and that have become ever more visible thanks to social networking sites, have given people even more power.
D. Social media have encouraged people to create and share knowledge structures, not just knowledge. Participants are getting exposed to different viewpoints and ways of looking at the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| A famous photographer of the 19th century who took portraits of many well known people of his day as well as Civil War battlefield photos |
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Term
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Definition
| any type of device or medium in which info can be maintained for later retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
| communication that takes place through a medium, such as writing or recording, as opposed to unmediated communication, such as face to face discussion |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of medium in which a reader, viewer, or user must go through the medium in order to find specific info |
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Term
| random access memory (RAM) |
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Definition
| usually used for a type of computer memory and abbreviated to RAM, in storage technology terms it is a type of medium that allows for a reader or viewer to randomly obtain specific pieces of content by doing searches, using an index, or taking some other action |
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Term
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Definition
| most common base unit used to measure computer storage and information, it consists of eight bits in a combo of 0s and 1s, to form leters, numbers, and all modes of computer info that are displayed. |
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Term
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Definition
| uses light in the form of lasers to store and read data of all types whether text, audio, or video. Using light is highly efficient, it permits storage devices to record vastly greater amounts of data in small spaces and enables faster retrieval of the stored data than the magnetic storage devices |
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Term
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Definition
| a cutting edge field of technology research that involves items that are nanometers in length and that promises to revolutionize many fields, ranging from electronics, information storage, and even medicine |
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Term
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Definition
| moving picture experts group est 1988 and responsible for creating the standards for digital and audio compression. The abbreviation is also used to denote the types of compression, such as MPEG-1, MPEG-4, and so on. |
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Term
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Definition
| standards for MPEG-1, Audio Layer III a file-storage format for digital audio recordings |
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Term
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Definition
| one method in search engine marketing in which companies bid for words and pay the search engine a certain amount every time the word is searched and their listing is clicked on. |
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Term
| Search engine optimization (SEO) |
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Definition
| a strategy that utilizes website designs, careful choice of keywords, links, and other techniques to show prominently in online searches. |
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Term
| search engine marketing (SEM) |
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Definition
| paying to search engine such as Google to have a listing appear prominently when searched |
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Term
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Definition
| the difficulties associated with dealing with the vast amounts of information available to us and making sense of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| the junction between a medium and the people who use it |
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Term
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Definition
| in a computer environment, doing several activities at once with a variety of programs, such as simultaneously doing word processing, spreadsheet, and database work while conducting real-time chat through an instant messenger service |
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Term
| human computer interaction |
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Definition
| the general term for any interaction between humans and computers, either through devices such as keyboards, mice, touch screens, or voice recognition |
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Term
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Definition
| a computer interface that shows graphical representations of file structures, files, and applications, in the form of folders, icons, and windows. |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of posting deliberately obnoxious or disruptive messages to discussion groups or other online forums simply to get a reaction from the participants |
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Term
| transmission control protocol (TCP) |
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Definition
| a part of the main protocol for the internet that allows for computers to easily communicate with each other over a network |
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Term
| hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) |
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Definition
| a web protocol that enables standardized transfer of text, audio, and video files from one address to another |
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Term
| hypertext markup language (HTML) |
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Definition
| a coding format that describes how information should look on the Web |
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Term
| extensible markup language (HML) |
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Definition
| a coding format similar to HTML but which permits easy sharing of information and data about the information on the Web, not only how it looks |
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Term
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Definition
| a partial subscription based model used by web services and media companies that provides basic access for free but charges for what is considered premium content. |
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Term
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Definition
| a principle that states that broadband networks should be free of restrictions on content, platforms, or equipment should not get preferential treatment on the network. |
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Term
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Definition
| a network connection that enables a large amount of bandwidth to be transmitted allowing for more information to be sent in a shorter period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| a network connection that does not provide very much bandwidth, thus receiving and sending information more slowly than broadband connections. Dial-up modems and some of the early wireless connections with speeds of 56 kHz or under are considered narrowheaded |
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