Term
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Definition
any paid form of non-personal communication about an organization, product, service, or idea by an identified sponsor
makes inexpensive media possible
provides a diverse amount of product information |
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Term
| Birth of Consumer Culture |
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Definition
Boston News-Letter selling ads as early as 1704
individual shops and businesses placed ads; no brand promotion
Industrialization and the Growth of Advertising
CONSUMERISM
mass production of low-cost, standardized products
prevalence of messages (ads) grew alongside the availability of products
as the mass media have grown, so has the advertising industry |
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Term
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Definition
is the strong relationship that people form with a brand
Advertisers want to convince consumers that they are part of a story and “in-group” when they buy a product
Which is better…..
Ford or Kia?
Nike or Sketchers?
Dasani or Evian?
McDonalds Coffee or Starbucks? |
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Term
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Definition
Advertisers inform the public about technology and fashion trends
They also teach consumers about products and developments, such as medical treatments and vehicle safety
Advertising can teach the public how to be literate media consumers and draw their own conclusions about products |
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Definition
Influencing: attitudes, beliefs, behavior
Change, reinforce
Emphasize attributes (Consumer Focus)
Brushing, Smoking +/-, Don’t Drink and Drive |
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Definition
Advertisers use universal appeals of sex, popular culture, and values to reach customers
Sex imagery in advertising can be overtly sexual, humorous, or sensual
Advertisers address consumers’ sense of values about family, happiness, and faith |
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Term
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Definition
Advertisers are moving away from audience broadcasting, which is the practice of reaching the largest possible audience
Narrowcasting creates narrowly directed messages to a smaller, clearly defined audience
Internet advertising is based on consumer location and behaviors
Advertisers pay to places ads based where their consumers are surfing |
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Term
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Definition
Product placement, or product integration, is the practice of putting identifiable products and brands into entertainment programming
This is often referred to as Madison-meets-Vine
Product placement helps combat the technologies that enable consumers to avoid advertising |
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Term
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Definition
Vital aspect of American politics
Often focuses on the negatives of the opponent rather that the positives of the candidate in question
2008 spending topped $1 BILLION
2012 – estimated at almost $6 BILLION
Definite on-line presence
Website, blog, fundraising
Interaction through social media
Candidates, supporters and commentators
Most closely related to Public Relations being covered next week |
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Term
| reaching the desired audience… |
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Definition
In order for advertising to be successful, people have to see and react upon a message
Advertisers don’t pay to have advertising in a certain program, they are paying to reach the people that are watching that program (or listening to that radio station, or reading that newspaper or magazine…)
Advertisers rely on information provided by services such as Nielson, Arbitron and the Audit Bureau of Circulation to see who, what and when about media consumption. |
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Term
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Definition
“Earned” exposure with the idea of improving image or generating awareness.
Directed to “Publics”
The internal and external groups that organizations or collectives with whom you may have a relationship
Employees, consumers, shareholders, activists, lawmakers, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Some say it’s the world’s second-oldest profession…
As newspapers grew, getting a story about your product or business published meant that readers could be exposed to your ideas without the company having to pay for it. |
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Term
| Edward Bernays – American PR |
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Definition
Nephew of psychologist Sigmund Freud
Understood how people rationalized decisions
Understood how to get the media to “buy into” what he was “selling”
So how did he get women to overcome the taboo of being seen with a cigarette….. |
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Term
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Definition
Public relations focuses on building and managing a brand and perception
Public relations professionals have no direct power to persuade journalists to tell a story in a certain way
Instead, they frame a story by telling journalists something new and different about a person, product or service
Public relations efforts can also be direct to the public. Many “new ideas” in advertising are based in PR – getting people to look at a product from a different perspective. |
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Term
| From Press Agentry to Professionalism |
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Definition
The origins of public relations:
pamphlets like Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
Increasing public awareness of the British Crown’s abuses
press agentry—a one-way form of public relations that involved sending material from the press agent to the media
early press agents:
focused on building publicity for their clients
no management of a specific image
The beginnings of image management began when railroad and utilities used to press to shine positive light on the industries
covered up monopolies |
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Term
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Definition
Barnum regularly planted stories in the press about alleged mistreatment of the animals and then publicly invited people to come and see that there was no such occurrences.
Made a spectacle when the crew arrived with parades and teasers to get people to pay to see the show.
Spent a lot of time and effort before the show came to town to get people taking. “Planted” people to talk up his attractions and hired “experts” to verify the authenticity of his wild creatures. |
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Term
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Definition
Ivy Lee:
key founder of modern public relations
built campaigns around symbolism
strived to put a human face on corporations
first to deal with crisis management
recognized the importance of telling the truth
issued a Declaration of Principles:
Openly and honestly supply accurate and timely news to the press. |
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Term
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Definition
Probably one of the most visible aspects of public relations
Reactive PR or “damage control”
Exxon Valdez vs. BP Gulf Explosion
Penn State hired a PR firm to help deal with Sandusky scandal |
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Term
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Definition
Fair advocacy is necessary in public relations because spreading misinformation can destroy careers
Lies can quickly be found out, especially on the Internet, and may damage the PR professional and the client
Large settlements have been paid out by tobacco and pharmaceutical companies because of questionable practices. |
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Term
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Definition
Public Relations Society of America
Advocacy
Honesty
Expertise
Independence
Loyalty
Fairness
Other provisions covering competition, disclosure of information, client priviledge and conflicts of interest |
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Term
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Definition
New PR proactively creates its own content to generate possible media attention, rather than waiting for the media to create content
Freddie Mac created the Spanish-language television show Nuestro Barrio to encourage Hispanics to buy homes |
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Term
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Definition
Public Service Announcements
Proactive PR
Until deregulation of the broadcast industry, a licensed station was required to show that it was operating “in the public interest”
Many stations continue to air PSAs at no cost
The Advertising Council is the largest single producer of PSA’s in the United States. |
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Term
| Foundation For a Better Life |
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Definition
The Foundation for a Better Life began as a simple idea to promote positive values. A belief that people are basically good and just need a reminder. Started by developing TV messages that are now seen in over 200 countries around the world.
Billboards and posters have added to the success of the campaign. School systems and Universities have taken advantage of the materials that are provided at no cost. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combination of promotion tools used to reach the target market and fulfill the organization’s overall goals. |
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Term
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Definition
Stereotypes often are simple, but insidious in how they play out in cultural patterns.
The simplest and easiest way to begin to help eradicate them, and instead appreciate people in their individuality and their cultural diversity is to identify them, acknowledge them and find a new way to think about that person, people group or culture |
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Term
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Definition
Hollywood helped perpetuate negative stereotyping of Native Americans in two ways:
1 –Early in the 20th century, hiring white actors to play major Native American roles.
2—Casting Native Americans in minor Native American roles that nearly always showcased “Indians” as “bad guys” or “savages” |
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Term
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Definition
| Canadian actor Jay Silverheels, whose original name was Harold J. Smith, was born on the Six National of the Grand River First Nations Indian Reserve in Ontario, Canada, in 1912. His skill at lacrosse helped him leave the reservation to travel around North America and eventually make his way to Hollywood where he made the jump to motion picture and television actor. Starting in 1937 and using the name Harry J. Smith to help get into auditions, he landed supporting roles in movies. In 1956, he began portraying “Tonto” in The Lone Ranger. |
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Term
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Definition
He did not bring down long standing racial barriers and negative stereotyping
He did: pave the way for an increased number of Native American actors, technicians, stunt men and women and others to break into the move business
Those people include: Chief Dan George, Floyd Red Crow Westerman, Lois Red Elk, Graham Greene, Elaine Miles, Lou Diamond Philips and Benjamin Bratt |
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Term
| How the media may represent cultural, racial, ethnic and sexual diversity |
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Definition
Give voice to minority groups who are or have been wronged and held back by stereotyping and related forms of social and economic inequality
Highlight role models who have helped dismantle stereotypes –such as civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. and Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor, thereby causing society to revise its perceptions.
Help minority groups, particularly immigrant communities, celebrate and perpetuate their rich and unique heritage as they try to assimilate into the mainstream society |
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Term
| Pioneers of Latino Media in America |
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Definition
It was largely centered in the Spanish-speaking quarter of New Orleans and made up of political and social protesters who came to the U.S. because of constitutionally guaranteed protections of the press
The press founded the first Latino paper in the United States, El Misisipi, in 1808 |
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Term
| Pioneers of Latino Media in America |
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Definition
The first Latin radio station was KCOR-AM in San Antonio
The station was founded by Raoul A. Cortez
Cortez also founded the first Spanish language television station in the United States, KCOR-TV
Latino/Hispanic populations are also becoming respected for their purchasing power.
Spanish-American colonies of Central and South America est. the Spanish press in exile in 19th century New Orleans- political and social protesters flocked to US for protection. El Misisipi first latino newspaper in US 1808, 4 pg biweekly publication reprinted news concerning Spain from other large newspapers and local advertisers(News in Spanish ads in English. Most early Latino newspapers were meant to drum up support for Spain. An increase in immigration brought an increase of Spanish speaking citizens and the birth of Spanish Immigrant Press. this press served the needs of Spanish speaking immigrants gave a sense of community, pub local community interest, served as a venue for Latino art and literature."cronica" a popular genre, a short weekly column that provided readers wit current events, issues and trends, often through fictional characters and stories. Cronistas were the writers and used humor to encourage Latinos. These were used to promot the Mexican de afuera (mexican outside) ideology. sought to protect immigrants against perceived loss of culture.
Latino Native press focused on securing the rights and voices of these individuals as garunteed under US constitution. Latino Native press identified itself and its constituents as participants in Am culture. |
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Term
| Pioneers of Black Media in America |
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Definition
The first black publication in the United States was Freedom’s Journal, published by Reverend Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm
Frederick Douglass published The Northern Star to help build a black American identitySidney Poitier was the first black man to win a Best Actor Academy Award in 1963
Bill Cosby was the first black man to lead a popular prime time television show
Halle Barry was the first black woman to win a Best Actress Oscar in 2002
Accepted on “behalf of the women of color…because this door has been opened…”
o- Frederick Douglass Changed his last name from Bailey to Douglass
o Known for The Northern Star (help build black identity)
o He was influenced by The Liberator
o His autobiography earned him prominence
o Escaped to England when they tried to send him back to slavery
English friends paid for his freedom
- Objectification: the practice of reducing peoples and cultures [was one of the many horrendous dynamics of slavery]
- Inequality
o Ida B. Wells exposed problems with slavery (early Jim Crow era)
- Chicago Defender: one of the largest and influential black public newspapers during Jim crow and civil rights era (founder was Robert Sengstacke Abbott) |
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Term
| Pioneering Women in Early American Media |
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Definition
Women’s roles on television in the 1950s reflected a growing tension between the traditional role of women and the more independent modern woman
Some shows represented the ideal American family, while others promoted female independenceIn Sex and the Single Girl, Helen Gurley Brown wrote openly about women’s independence and sexuality
The popularity of the book landed her an editorial position at Cosmopolitan magazine
She made the magazine the female equivalent to Hugh Heffner’s Playboy
Mary Ann Shadd Cary
- First pioneer, Seneca falls convention, wrote for the Liberator
o First black women to be an editor
Rosie the Riveter
- Changed the role of women in the media
- War impact
Pauline Fredrick
- First female news broadcaster
- Did not just handle women-centered issues
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• 1950s
o TV shows questioned stereotypes
o I love Lucy
• 1960s
o Sex and the Single Girl
Became and editor of Cosmo
o Female version of Play Boy
Cosmo
• 1970s
o That Girl and The Mary Tyler Moore Show
Strong independent women
o Barbra Walters
• 1980 and today
o keep making roles to keep people going |
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Term
| Pioneers of Asian American Media |
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Definition
Although the television show Kung Fu was about the adventures of a Chinese Shaolin monk, ABC cast white American actor David Carradine to play the part
Asian actor Kwai Chang Caine was considered for the role, but was told he looked “too Asian”
All-American Girl, starring comedian Margaret Cho, was the first American show to feature an all-Asian castABC told Cho that her character was not “Asian enough” and the network hired coaches to teach her to “act Asian” |
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Term
| Pioneers of Gay and Lesbian American Media |
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Definition
The gay right’s movement officially began after the 1969 Stonewall Riots in New York City
Gays and lesbians sought to protect their civil rights and decriminalize homosexuality
The first gay publication was Friendship and Freedom
When the HIV/AIDS outbreak began, gay and lesbian publications faced a dilemma
Some supported awareness, while other publishers feared the loss of advertisers
David B. Goodstein-unknown gay banker to his coworkers was fired when discovered he was gay and was going to lead the investment division until that.
1974 bill made legal in California consensual sex between adults of any sexual persuasion
1975 Goldstein purchased “The advocate” a gay publication / magazine and remains big today
Goldstein was controversial
Used mass media to promote gay rights
Early 2000s there were more commercials targeted to gays and lesbians
More mainstream
Gay Rights =Human Rights
Gay and lesbian media began to emerge in 1920s
Chicago Postal worker Henry Gerber founded society for human rights
Society for human rights published two issues of a magazine-“Friendship for Freedom”-1st gay and lesbian publication in U.S
Gerber continued to rally Chicago’s gay community despite police shutting down the society for human rights.
“Vice Versa”- founded by Edith Eyde one of the earliest gay and lesbian publications (still going on today) used as a medium for lesbians to express thoughts, emotions and opinions
Mattachine Society founded in 1950 was first national homosexual rights organization in U.S
2 factions emerged from this one took a confrontational approach which labeled them as communists and the second one took an approach of integration with the mainstream, opposite of confrontation.
1953 “One Inc.”. Began publishing first national distributed gay and lesbian magazine titled “One”.
FBI and U.S postal service launched harassment campaigns against One Inc. and its magazine. Postmaster of Los Angeles ruled that the magazine violated federal Comstock Laws (est. in 1873 made it illegal to send material considered lewd or obscene through mail) |
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Term
| Key concepts of Societies |
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Definition
Social contracts: The shared cultural histories, values and artifacts used by human societies to form nations
Closed societies: Discourage freedom of thought and expression
Information filtering: Weeding out unwanted information or information deemed irrelevant to keep people “in the dark,” a technique of closed governments |
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Term
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Definition
| Government action is open to public scrutiny and media are allowed significant opportunity to monitor and report on government |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid growth of media technology has spawned participatory democracy worldwide, meaning millions live under a system permitting and encouraging a greater number of people to participate in the political process |
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Term
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Definition
Government exerts direct control over the media
control of the press is carried out by:
giving permits to only certain printers
prosecuting anyone who violates standards
totalitarian governments |
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Term
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Definition
Free Press Theory
It is based on the following principles:
People want to know the truth and be guided by it.
The only way to arrive at the truth is for ideas to be freely and openly discussed.
Different people will have different opinions, and everyone must be allowed to develop their own.
The most rational ideas will be the most accepted |
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Term
| Social Responsibility Theory |
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Definition
while the press may be free from interference by the government, it can still be controlled by corporate interests
press obliged to serve several social functions:
provide the news and information needed to make the political system work
give the public the information needed for self-governance
serve as an overseer of the government
serve the economic function of bringing together buyers and sellers through advertising |
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Term
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Definition
Media is publicly owned and used to further the needs of the working class
Founded on the communist system of government
Media should self-regulated content, censorship not needed
Soviet Union obviously collapsed…. |
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Term
| Media in Developing Countries |
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Definition
In August 2004, Radio Rutomorangingo – a pirate radio station equipped by Rwandan militarists – began broadcasting into Burundi in central Africa.
The goal? Incite Burundi Hutus to take up arms against their Tutsi neighbors by portraying them as subhuman and capable of horrific violence
With international help, the Burundi government jammed the hate radio
By 2009, 300,000 Tutsi and Hutu had died in the struggle, but experts believe casualties would’ve been much higher without help from the outside to block the propagandaIn developing countries such Burundi, there is a subcategory of media systems
SMALL media
fax machines, photocopy machines, video cameras, computers, and the Internet
provide for a range of voices
size and availability make control difficult
Internet allows for wider expression |
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Term
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Definition
Radio remains the most effective mass medium in developing country’s today
It is popular partly because of high levels of illiteracy in some developing countries
Radio also usually is easy and inexpensive to set up and operate
Many radio stations are established and run by NGOs, non-governmental organizations |
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Term
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Definition
New media has transformed how news is both gathered and reported. Just 20 years ago, it took TIME for news to get from one place to another, now it is almost instantaneous.
The first draft of history can now recorded by cell phones as it was in the images above.
Citizen journalists may expose, and, in effect, “infect” the world with information that may inspire or inciteA Huffington Post journalist noted, how big a player technology was in 2007 coverage of Burmese pro-democracy uprisings:
“Citizen journalists are using cellphones and the Internet to beam out images of bloodied monks and streets fires, subverting the Burma government’s effort to control media and present a sanitized version of the uprising.”
---- Rachel Sklar |
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Term
| TV’s contribution to global mass media… |
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Definition
The shift from analog to digital television
Analog-based terrestrial broadcasts: broadcast signals are transmitted and received via antennas through radio waves
Satellite-based digital broadcasts: broadcast signals are transmitted and received via microwave radio relay technology |
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Term
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Definition
Product of the space age
Satellites are all about communication..
Created a “global electronic village’
Directly impacted the international news flow |
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Term
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Definition
1980: Cable News Network (CNN) became the world's first 24-hour cable television news channel
1996: MSNBC and Fox News Channel began 24-hour news
"the CNN effect" affects political, diplomatic, and military decision making on a global level
America dreams are dreamed more by people other than Americans
American products are recognizable world wide
Coca Cola, Nike, McDonald's, etc.
These products are exporting American Culture.
Today the global generation eats McDonald’s hamburgers, drinks Starbuck’s coffee and uses English for daily communication |
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Term
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Definition
Internet has made the world smaller..? more complicated? less “real”...?
Today people can access and share information within a global infrastructure
Internet diminishing the relevance of borders, territorial governments, and geography… and what else? Time?
Totalitarianism and government propaganda more difficult and suppression less likely to be unnoticed
Citizen journalism easier |
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Term
| Effects of Technology on Society |
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Definition
The idea of Mass Communication was generated by Gutenberg about 500 years ago in Germany when he printed the bible for the first time.
The technology revolution in Media/Communication in its true sense started with the wired age (1844).
Closely followed by the wireless age in the 1900s.
Now we are in the integrated grid age - it combines wired and wireless and forms a system that can transmit eight million words a second.
Every thing is here and now. |
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Term
| Media in a Changing Global Culture |
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Definition
In the 1960s Marshall McLuhan hoped that the rise of the electronic media and its globalization would help bring people closer together democratically, so that everyone’s voice could be heard.
Unfortunately this has yet to happen. While it is true that the media have moved toward globalization, we have not seen a corresponding rise in media-supported citizen democracy.
Technological advancement has made the rich, advanced countries more powerful in influencing the third world culture, market, politics and economies.
The world is divided by those that have information technology and those that do not. |
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Term
| So what is Globalization? |
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Definition
1. The declining significance of physical distance.
Today all kinds of information can be sent all over the globe in an instant.
2. The potential for inter-cultural relationships as the media cross cultural boundaries.
The exchange and intermingling of different cultures means the altering of people’s ways of life, for better and worse. We see hybridization but we also see loss of traditional culture.
Critics fear that globalization results in the loss of cultural diversity as one huge, corporate capitalist new world order emerges, dominated by the Fortune 500 Corporations. |
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Term
| The Reality of Media Globalization |
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Definition
Unfortunately the rise of a global media has led to developments that are a cause of concern to most observers.
We have seen the rise of centralized media conglomerates of unprecedented size and power.
These conglomerates appear uninterested in democratizing the media – they are mainly interested in colonizing the media toward their own self-interests: private profit.
In short the globalization of mass media has been neither democratic nor egalitarian. |
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Term
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Definition
| favorable publicity prompted by a public relations source, rather than advertising, such as a news conference, event, or press release; the opposite of paid media, such as advertising or product placement. |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the ancient arts of discourse, it involves using language to persuade others |
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Term
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Definition
1.People's behavior and actions are somehow linked to their cognitions about the world, which generally includes attitudes, beliefs, and values, as well as their general knowledge and social influences
2. How people process information about the world (thinking deeply about issues or only looking at superficial cues) can play an important part in what types of messages they find most persuasive
3. A persuader's credibility, authority, and attractiveness all play important roles in successful persuasion. |
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Term
| theory of cognitive dissonance |
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Definition
| a theory of persuasion that states we act first and then rationalize our behaviors afterward in order to fit our actions into self-perceived notions of who we are. |
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Term
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Definition
| a model of mass communication that says that media has direct and measurable effects upon audiences, such as encouraging them to buy products or become violent. |
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Term
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Definition
| used in broadcast media to explain the number of households that watched a particular show. |
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Term
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Definition
| the standard unit for measuring advertising rates for publications, based on circulation(this is used to determine how much organizations can charge advertisers for space in thei publications. |
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Term
| performance based advertising |
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Definition
| any form of online ad buying in which an advertiser pays for results rather than paying for the size of the publishers audience or CPM |
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Term
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Definition
| paying for certain key words in order to show up high in rankings in search engines such as Google or Bing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A percentage amount of the cost of an advertisement that is taken by the advertising agency that helped create and sell the ad |
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Term
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Definition
| adopted by the FCC in 1969, it required broadcasters to seek out and present all sides of a controversial issue they were covering. It was discarded by the FCC in 1987 |
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Term
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Definition
| unwanted email sent out by advertisers as a mass mailing |
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Term
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Definition
| an advertisement across the top of a website and the original form of advertising on the web |
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Term
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Definition
| rate at which people click on an online advertisement to access more info |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of creating in the consumer's mind a clear identity for a particular company's product, logo, or trademark |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of using advertising and marketing techniques to persuade people about changing bad or destructive behaviors or adopting good behaviors. |
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Term
| public information campaign |
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Definition
| media program funded by the government and designed to acheive some social goal, or what might be called social engineering |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of advertising technique that attempts to scare the audience in order to persuade them, such as antismoking ads that show disfigured former smokers |
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Term
| public service announcements PSA |
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Definition
| advertising like messages for which the media donate time or space to organizations with a worthy purpose that ostensibly benefits the public |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of advertising usually found in print media, especially newspapers but also in some magazines, and now increasingly online, that consists of messages posted by individuals and organizations to sell specific goods or services |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of advertising in print media that usually consists of illustrations or images and text and that can occupy a small section of a page , a full page, or multiple pages. because of their high costs, display ads are usually bought by large companies or organizations. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of display advertisements that is created to look like an article within the publications have the words "advertisements" or "paid advertisement" in tiny print somewhere nearby |
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Term
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Definition
| a listing of ad rates by size, placement, and other characteristics, such as whether ads are black and white or full color. Frequency discounts are also usually offered, and the listed rates are usually negotiable, especially for large advertisers |
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Term
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Definition
| billboards and other forms of advertising such as on buses or taxis that are done in public |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of letting consumerschoose to receive mailings or marketing material by having them check a box on a website. usually when registering for the site |
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Term
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Definition
| an online ad that opens in a new window from the one the user was in |
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Term
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Definition
| an online advertisement that covers part of the existing screen or moves over part of it without opening a new window |
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Term
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Definition
| spreading news and information about media content through word of mouth, usually via online discussion groups, chats, and emails, without utilizing traditional advertising and marketing methods |
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Term
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Definition
1.Creative, content is produced
2. Client management, involves working with a client
3.Media buying, purchase media space
4. Research, collection and analysis of data on consumer characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| a model of public relations that emphasizes the profession as a system of managing relationships between organizations and individuals and their public's. |
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Term
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Definition
1.Core practice areas, or type of relationships the client needs managed, including marketing communications or consumer relations; investor relations; public, non profit, and governmental affairs; corporate and employee communications, political communications, and community relations
2. Services, or the type of activity the firm provides to its clients, including media relations, research, interactive or online communications, writing, lobbying, fund-raising, and crisis management.
3. Industries, or the business sectors within which the clients operate, including utilities, technology, retail, manufacturing, health care, financial services, and consumer products. |
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Term
| integrated communications |
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Definition
| the idea that all channels of communication about a company or brand should work together in creating a cohesive message. |
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