Term
| What does the Canadian Association of Journalism say about Ethics |
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Definition
To serve democracy by reporting the truth
Defend public interest by promoting the free flow of information
Expose crime
Protect public health and safety
Prevent the public from being misled |
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Term
| What are the ponynter institutes guiding principles? |
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Definition
§ Seek truth and report it as fully as possible
· Inform yourself continuously
· Be honest fair and courageous
· Give voice to the voiceless
· Hold the powerful accountable |
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Term
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Definition
- Early 1970’s, Richard Nixon in his first term as republican president
- Nixon white house dirty tricks “the plumbers”
o Look for dirt on Nixon’s political opponents
- June 17, 1972 break-in in democratic party HQ in Watergate hotel
- Woodward and Bernstein begin to piece together links between burglars and Nixon White House
- First ever and only resignation of US president |
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Term
| What effects did Watergate have on Journalism? |
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Definition
Use of well-placed source “deep throat”
o Mark Felt, deputy director of the FBI
o Now a way of describing anonymous sources
- The fourth estate
- Made people doubt politicians
- Equality before the law, no one is above the law
WAdvent of Celebrity Journalism |
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Term
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Definition
- 1993 UN led peacekeeping mission
- Canadian airborne regiment
o Chosen because they were tough
o Somali’s broke into the Canadian camp
- 5 Somali civilians killed by Canadian troops
o Rogue elements in regiments
o Were commanders instructing the rogues |
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Term
| Role of Journalists in Somalia Affair |
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Definition
o Jim day
§ Probroke observer
§ DND junket
§ Saw Canadian soldier on stretcher
§ Kept asking questions
§ Broke story on April 2
o Michael mcauliffe
§ Cbc radio on parliament hill
§ Access to information
§ DOD had tried to Cover up beating
§ New information
§ Relentless reporting – took a long time to reveal the whole truth
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Term
| Legacy of the Somalia Affair |
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Definition
§ Airborne regiment disbanded
§ Reform of military police
§ Ombudsman |
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Term
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Definition
- Underachieving high school Ontario students
- Beat out academically deserving teens
- Privately run, for-profit schools
- Toronto star
o 2400 students getting grades that were too high
o Private schools doubled in number
o Schools found ways around the regulations
- Ryerson students found way into the story
Results
- Education ministry embarrassed
- High schools say complaints taken more seriously
- More vigorous oversight by inspectors |
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Term
| What is comprehensive reporting? |
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Definition
o Took the reader into the story, able to visualize the problems
o Fair and balanced
o Interviewed all the important people in the story
o Addressed a specific problem in the community |
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Term
| What is the examination process in Journalism? |
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Definition
o A test of what information is worth
o Can lead to further discovery
o Journalists take rigorous and clearly evident efforts to ensure accuracy |
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Term
| What is the interpretation process in Journalism? |
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Definition
o Reflecting the facts “meaning” – adding value to the bare facts by helping people figure out what to make of them
o Finding the connections between the facts |
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Term
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Definition
o Ability to understand mass media
o Allow people to Analyze, evaluate, and create messages in a wide variety of media |
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Term
| What is critical thinking? |
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Definition
o The systemic evaluation of formulations of beliefs or statements by rational standards
o Requires journalists to ask not what do I believe but why do I believe it and whether it is worth believing
o How to I think about things
o How do I decide what to believe
o It’s easy to fall into a trap of assuming something is true |
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Term
What makes a good critical thinker?
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Definition
o Waits until sufficient evidence
o Understands difference between validity and intensity of belief
o Question’s own views
o Recognizes fallibility of one’s own opinions |
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Term
| What is the awareness instinct? |
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Definition
§ Knowledge of the unknown gives them security
§ Allows them to plan and negotiate their lives |
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Term
o The role of news (Mitchell Stephens) |
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Definition
§ Society depends on the flow of sentiments from a shared perspective
§ To think a society’s thoughts is to belong to that society
§ News provides the requisite set of shared thoughts |
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Term
How do government and news relate? |
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Definition
§ Government is a performance, and news ithe medium in which it is performed
· News system allows governments to reach the large majority of their subjects, without this they would lose their audiences (Mitchell Stephens) |
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Term
o What does Mitchell Stephens think news is? |
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Definition
§ Provides shared perspective for society
§ Medium for government “performance”
§ New information about a subject of public interest that is shared with some portion of the public |
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Term
o What do Kovach and Rosenstiel think news is? |
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Definition
§ That part of communication that keeps us informed of the changing events, issues, and characters of the world outside |
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Term
| What does Michael Schudson think news is? |
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Definition
§ News is a dominant force in the public construction of common experience and a popular sense of what is real and important |
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Term
o What does G. Stuart Adam think new is? |
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Definition
§ An account of a shift in the state of things in the material world, or the world beyond our senses. |
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Term
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Definition
- Newsworthy events are traditionally described as events with great repercussions, either good or bad
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Judged by journalists to be of interest to the broad mass of citizens
- Guessing what readers need to know
- Based on who the audience is
o Involved public
§ People affected by event
§ First hand experience
o Interested public
o Uninterested public
- People are interested in prominent people
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Term
- What do McKercher and Cumming Say about the shaping of a message? |
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Definition
o Requires: an informed decision on what is worth telling
o a judgement on what the receiver already knows
an expectation of response |
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Term
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Definition
o Young people are consuming news on mobile devices
o Platform vs story
o Story is the message, not the medium
o New platforms are not a threat, they complement regular news sources |
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Term
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Definition
| West African historian, storyteller, praise singer, poet and/or musician. The griot is a repository of oral tradition, and is also often seen as something of a societal leader due to his traditional position as an adviser toroyal personages. As a result of the former of these two functions, he is sometimes also called a bard. |
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Term
- Why is writing important to journalism? |
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Definition
o Related to the birth of journalism
o Allowed to consistency and accuracy
o Paper = portability
§ First considered raw information
§ Journalism v raw information
· Understanding more about the nature of news
· News needs to be speedy
· More concerned with the present |
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Term
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Definition
§ Daily roman official notices, a sort of daily gazette
§ Early form of news hand written and posted in public places |
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Term
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Definition
§ Reports from governments in imperial China
§ Close in form and function to the gazettes in the Western world |
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Term
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Definition
o Goldsmith, blacksmith. Businessman
o Developed printing system
o First printing press appeared around 1450
o Context and meaning
§ Origin of mass communication
§ West’s first viable method of disseminating information to wide audience
o Time of cultural change > need for rapid news
o Moveable type
§ Speed, quality, reliability
§ Mechanized writing
Link between technology and communication |
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Term
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Definition
o Readers received the same story
o Allowed wider audience to communicate without being in the same place at the same time
o Key to the spreading of ideas and the birth of widespread political and social movements
o Helped document firsthand account of Columbus’s voyage |
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Term
- How did rulers monopolize the production and spread of knowledge and ideas? |
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Definition
o Contracts awarded to printing houses
o Content sometimes paid for
o Licensing
§ Official censorship and self-censorship
§ Everything that was printed needed to be licensed |
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Term
- What makes a newspaper? |
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Definition
o Available to many members of the public
o Regular and frequent publication
§ People becoming accustomed to repetition
§ Hearing the same or similar information from particular sources
o Variety of stories
o Consistent and recognizable title of format (brand)
o Reduplication by mechanical means |
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Term
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Definition
o Italian port and commercial center
o Periodic publication “gazette”
§ Created culture and environment that was receptive to reading and hearing regular coverage of events |
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Term
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Definition
o Amsterdam 1600s
§ Brusque and businesslike
§ Stories from the new world
o Great deal of tolerance and openness, different than France (wanted to control publishing) |
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Term
- What came out of these early newspapers? |
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Definition
o Newspapers began developing regular conventions, including style, language , sources and terms
o Consistent publication meant facing an audience again and again
§ Higher stakes, more credibility
o Shift in news values
o Created culture interested in news |
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Term
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Definition
o any system that allows the transmission of encoded information by signal across a distance
o Earliest forms were smoke, drum, and flag signals
o Leads to the development of Morse code
o Telegraph meant that it didn’t matter where you were in the world with regards to communication
o 1866 telegraph line laid across the Atlantic |
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Term
- What did James W. Carey say about the telegraph? |
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Definition
| Telegraph separates communication from transportation |
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Term
- Telegraph and timeliness |
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Definition
o Newspapers began competing with each other for speed
o Facts started to become more important |
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Term
- What was the impact of the telegraph on writing? |
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Definition
o Cost of telegram was based on the number of words
o Messages could be cut off at any point |
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Term
o Who brought about the Invention of radio and wireless telegraphy |
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Definition
§ Guglielmo Marconi
§ Solved some of the limitations of the telegraph by using frequency waves on the radio spectrum, increasing the size of antennas and the power of transmitters
§ Signals were weak |
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Term
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Definition
§ After WW1 people started to realize that radio was a great way to assemble a mass audience
§ First type of radio was churches/literary readings |
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Term
o 1930-40 golden age of radio |
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Definition
§ Idea of radio as electronic fireplace
§ Re-tribalizing effect and marked a return to an oral culture
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Term
- What did the Press radio bureau do? |
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Definition
o set out rules for radio |
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Term
| What effect did WWII have on radio |
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Definition
o radio became common news medium
o Radio reports became part of people’s daily lives and audiences were becoming attuned to urgent news announcements
o Edward R Murrow – People around the world listened to his reports, often filed from the rooftops of London while bombs went off in the background
o Roosevelt’s Fireside Chats
§ 81% of American households tuned in
o Advancements of communication have increased the extension of bonds of identity and interests “community builder |
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Term
- What is the golden age of Television |
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Definition
o 1950s and 60s
o TV’s cost as much as a car
o Technical developments
§ 1964 first geosynchronous satellite
§ Broadcast signals had less interference |
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Term
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Definition
-
o communist witch hunt
§ TV helped expose his deceit and agenda
§ Month long senate hearings on TV
§ Edward R. Murrow > |
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Term
- Kennedy/Nixon debate and TV |
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Definition
o First time that candidates debated on TV
o Won Kennedy the presidency |
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Term
| Difference between news and journalism? |
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Definition
News is a product of journalism rather than journalism itself
Journalism is the system societies generate to supply the information that represents news
The New Journalist is an educator |
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Term
| What are the Elements of Journalism deemed by Kovach and Rosenstiel? |
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Definition
- First obligation: truth
- First loyalty: citizens
- Discipline of verification
- Independent monitor of power
- Make the significant interesting and relevant |
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Term
| Walter Lipmann and the Public Opinion |
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Definition
o Real environment too big, complex, fleeting for direct experience
o Media brings us the world outside our direct experience, require them to inform us about virtually everything
"pseudo environment" |
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Term
| Plato's Allegory of the Cave |
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Definition
You don't know anything outside of your own environment without news
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Term
| What is Jounalism's Purpose? |
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Definition
Storytelling with a purpose
The way a democratic society has a conversation with itself
It is an independant monitor of power |
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Term
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Definition
Earliest journalists expected to recall accurately
Messenger's news could be a matter of survival
As modern press took shape, the promise of truth became part of marketing
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Term
| What sets Journalism apart from other forms of communication? |
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Definition
| Its disinterested pursuit of the truth |
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Term
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Definition
New York Times reporter
Egregious examples of plagiarism discovered in 2003
Motivated by fear of not living up to expectations |
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Term
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Definition
Globe and Mail Columnist
Accused of plagiarism
Admits to being carless with notetaking, but blames attacks on her views
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Term
| What does being fair require? |
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Definition
| It requires that whatever your personal beliefs, you report the news fairly and accurately, including all pertinent facts and points of view. |
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Term
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Definition
Consistent tests for truth and falsehood
Fairness and Balance are techniques not goals in the verificatio of accounts
Independence is not the same as neutral |
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Term
| What is the discipline of verification? |
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Definition
Seeking multiple witnesses to an event
Disclosing as much as possible about sources, and asking many sides for comment
Separates journalists from entertainment, PR, propaganda
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Term
| What are the rules of verification? |
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Definition
Accuracy is essential but not enough
Multiple witnesses
Identify Sources
Verify facts
Sift out rumour innuendo, spin
Highlight what is important |
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Term
| First attempts to limit press freedoms? |
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Definition
Attempts as old as the printing press
Free press was viewed as an enemy of the church and state
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Term
Printing of first non-Latin bibles
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Definition
Church opposed to printin in vernacular languages
Shaking loose from control of the church
Ordinary people could read bible themselves
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Term
| Martin Luther's 95 Theses? |
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Definition
1517
Multiple printed copies not as easy to suppress as hand copied ones
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Term
| Tudor monarchs of 16th century |
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Definition
Licensing act of 1536
Press restrictions of the Tudor period
Laws to licence and vet printing
Restriction on number of presses |
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Term
| Authoritarian theory of the press |
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Definition
State is more important than the individual
Control the flow in info to sheild the state from criticism
Loyalty to the state is rewarded
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Term
| Libertarian Model of the Press |
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Definition
17th Century England and America
Man as rational animal with inherent rights (pursuit of truth)
Press functions to present truth
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Term
| Communist Model of the press |
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Definition
Arose with communism itself, ie. marx
Media functions to perpetuate the socialist system
Media should do what is in best interests of the state |
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Term
| Social responsibility Model |
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Definition
Expands on Libertarian model
Hutchins Commission report of 1947
Role of media in modern society makes social resposibility necessary
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Term
| English Civil War Period (1642-51) and the news |
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Definition
Parliament breaks with the monarchy
Licensing temporarily disappears
Explosion in newspaper world
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Term
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Definition
Imposed by parliament
Pre publication licensing
destruction of all books offensive to government |
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Term
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Definition
Writes Areopagitica in 1644
Classic defense of freedom of the press
Marketplace of ideas
Echoed in First Amendment to US constitution |
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Term
| The Glorious Revolution of 1688 |
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Definition
Bill of rights, 1689
Citizens granted right to petition the king without fear of arrest or prosecution
Licensing Act falls in 1694 |
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Term
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Definition
Wrote On Liberty
Considered radical because it supports the view that the individual is sovereign over the state
Advocated freedom of speech |
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Term
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Definition
1735 libel trial
Establishes truth as a defense for seditious libel |
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Term
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Definition
Sparked outrage in the American colonies
Printers were forced to use stamped paper and raise subscription rates to pass along the tax
Galvanized american Opinion in favour of rebellion |
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Term
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Definition
| Establishes freedom of speech, for the press, and freedom of assembly |
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Term
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Definition
Authoritarian theory of the press prevailed in British North America
Publishers told what he could and could not print
Publishers depended on goverment patronage
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Term
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Definition
Buys the Novascotian in 1823
1835 seditious libel charge
Defends himself and was acquitted
Demonstrate libertarian principle that government is servant to the people |
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Term
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Definition
Worsening relations between Bible Bill Aberhart and Alberta gov.
Press takes opposition role to Social Credit gov.
Compell's newspapers to publish rebuttals of criticisms to the government
Goes to Supreme Court, who rejects the law |
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Term
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Definition
Union Nationale under Maurice Duplessis
Menace of Communism
Gave powers to attorney general to act against thsoe suspected of "harboring communist activities"
Struck down by SCC in 1957 |
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Term
Boucher vs. the King - 1951
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Definition
Aime Boucher, Jehovahs witness
Distributing pamphlets attacking quebec gov.
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Term
| Canadian Bill of rights, 1960 |
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Definition
| Recognizes freedom of speech and freedom of the press in section 1 |
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Term
| Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 1982 |
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Definition
Fundamental freedoms including freedom of the press
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Term
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Definition
Propaganda is form of communication that attempts to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist
Persuasion is interactive and attempts to satisfy the needs of both persuader and persuadee |
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Term
What are the characteristics of propaganda
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Definition
| The deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist |
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Term
| George Bush's war on terror |
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Definition
Began to use the phrase shortly after 9/11
Initially referred to it as a crusade
Engineered to heighten fear while making citizens mad against "barbaric murderers"
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Term
| Alexander the Great and Propaganda |
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Definition
Master propagandist
Encouraged statues, monuments, and his image on pottery
recognized power of propaganda to maintain vast empire
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Term
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Definition
American colonists were literate
Spread of ideas through printed word was factor in development of revolutionary ideology
Thomas Paine was first great propagandist
"Boston Massacre" |
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Term
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Definition
First use of newsreel
Boers depicted as immoral
Shot with actors in london suburb |
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Term
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Definition
Britian set new standards for wartime propaganda
Later copied by Nazis > Joseph Goebbels |
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Term
| Seven requirements for successful propaganda |
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Definition
Repetition
Colour - grab the imagination
Kernel of truth
Build around a slogan
Specific objective
Motive concealed
Timing is key |
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Term
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Definition
Understood the emotional ideas of the great masses
Symbols of fire, wind, flags
The swastika
Total message control |
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Term
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Definition
Information is accurate, but there is a spin on presentation
Truthfully states origin
Roosevelt 'fireside chat' radio broadcast |
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Term
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Definition
Source concealed or credited to a false authority
"big lie", Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's propaganda minister claimed outrageous charges evoke more belief than milder statements that merely twist the truth slightly |
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Term
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Definition
Somewhere between white and black propaganda
Source may or may not be correctly identiied and the accuracy of the information is uncertain |
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Term
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Definition
Rwanda, classic case of hate propaganda by state controlled media
Echoes anti-jew propaganda of 1930s germany |
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Term
| War on Iraq and Propoganda |
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Definition
Lies that
- iraq was linked to 9/11
- iraw possessed weapons of mass destruction
- bush and senior officials used fragments of intelligence reporting to link Iraq to Al Qaeda
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