Term
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Definition
| Synostosis - Immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies. Can form from the ossification of either cartilaginous or fibrous joints. Ex. maxilla, sacrum, epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones. |
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Definition
Synarthrosis - Bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate into the other. 3 types: sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses.
sutures of the skull, gomphoses holding teeth into skull
interosseous membrane between ulna, radius. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immovable fibrous joints that hold the bones of the skull together. Found only in the skull. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrous joint that holds a tooth in its socket. The tooth is held firmly in place by a fibrous periodontal ligament. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by long collagenous fibers, which allows more mobility. Ex. Less movable = syndesmosis that holds distal ends of tibia and fibula together. More movable = syndesmosis between ulna and radius. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amphiarthrosis - Two bones are linked by cartilage. 2 types: synchondroses and symphyses. Ex. joining the ribs to the sternum, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cartilaginous joint in which the bones are held together by hyaline cartilage. Ex. Temporary joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones (epiphyseal plate), Ribs to the sternum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cartilaginous joint where the bones are held together by fibrocartilage. Ex. Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A free moving joint in which two bones are separated by a film of slippery synovial fluid that is contained in a joint capsule. |
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Term
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Definition
Round head fits into a cup shaped socket. Allows the greatest movement: can move in all three planes.
Ex. shoulder and hip. |
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Term
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Definition
| Joints that have movement in one plane. Essential changes the angle between two bones. Ex. Elbow, knee, interphalangeal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allow rotation at the joint. Movement is limited to a single plane. Ex. Radius rotates relative to ulna, atlas rotates relative to the axis. |
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Term
| Condyloid, Saddle, and Gliding joints |
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Definition
| Bones slide across each other in two planes. Ex. Wrist, between thumb/fingers and hand. |
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Term
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Definition
Encloses the joint cavity and retains synovial fluid. Consists of two layers.
Fibrous capsule: outer dense connective tissue layer; continuous with periosteum of adjoining bones.
Synovial membrane: inner areolar connective tissue layer; secretes synovial fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lubricant rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid. Nourishes joint cartilages and removes their wastes. Contains phagocytes that clean up tissue debris. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyaline cartilage on the articular ends of a bones surface. ~2mm thick in young, healthy joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shock absorbing cartilage pad that grows inward from the joint capsule in some joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-shaped cartilages in the knee (medial and lateral). Functionally the same as articular discs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue (dense regular) that attaches muscle to bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collagenous connective tissue (dense regular) that attaches one bone to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid located between adjacent muscles or where a tendon passes over a bone. They cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over the joints, and sometimes enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which the tendon pulls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon. |
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Term
| Describe how exercise keeps articular cartilage healthy. |
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Definition
| Compression of the cartilage removes wastes (ringing out a sponge). Removing the weight that compresses the cartilage allows it to reabsorb synovial fluid (like a sponge soaks up water), bringing in oxygen and nutrients. Articular cartilage deteriorates more quickly without exercise due to a lack of nutrition, oxygen, and waste removal. |
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Term
| What is the advantage of the shallow glenoid cavity in the humeroscapular joint? |
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Definition
| The shallow cavity sacrifices stability for mobility. |
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Term
| What is the importance of the biceps brachii and the rotator cuff? |
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Definition
| They provide stability to the shoulder. The biceps brachii is the main support for holding the humerus into the glenoid cavity. The rotator cuff is made of four muscles that are fused to the joint capsule on all sides except the inferior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Encloses the front of the tibiofemoral joint cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) collateral ligaments – prevent rotation or lateral movement of the knee when the joint is extended. |
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Term
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Definition
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments – inside the joint cavity (the synovial membrane folds around them).
ACL prevents hyperextension, PCL prevents femur from sliding forward and tibia back |
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Term
| Limitations of Range of Motion |
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Definition
Depends on three factors:
Structure of the articulating surfaces of the bones. ex. elbow is limited by trochlear notch and olecranon process of ulna.
Tautness of the ligaments and joint capsule. Most important factor limiting mobility. In most joints, range of motion can be extended by stretching ligaments
Action of opposing muscles |
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Term
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Definition
Inflammation of a joint. There are many types and causes.
Osteoarthritis – caused by wear and tear damage to articular cartilage over time. Most common form, usually in older people, also in younger people who were hard on joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis – caused by an attack of the immune system on the synovial membrane. Immune response produces enzymes that destroy the articular cartilage. Joint begins to ossify and fuse. |
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