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| American investigative journalism from late 1800's to late 1900's. They investigated and exposed societal issues inciting reform. |
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| Pioneer muckraking journalist who wrote a profile on John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company. It was a 19 part series that eventually was turned into a book in 1904, The History of the Standard Oil Company. It covered Rockefeller's entire journey through the business. Rockefeller was monopolizing the oil business and profiting unfairly from railroads. She used public records and court documents. |
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| American muckraker for McClure's magazine. He said we muckrake not because we hate the world, but because we love it. We're optimists who think the US is not living up to its standards. |
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| Wrote the 1906 novel, The Jungle, which dealt with the corruption of the US meat packing industry in the early 20th century. He wrote about his experiences at a meat packing plant on Chicago in novel form. People were so disgusted with the book it led to reform. It led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Food and the Pure Drug Act of 1906. |
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| Muckraking journalist for McClure's magazine. His work, "The Shame of the Cities" sought to expose public corruption in major US cities. City bosses were abusing powers. It led to laws protecting civil servants. |
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| American journalist who began career as a reporter in Baltimore. Chronicled his life in "Newspaper Days" the memoirs of his life as a young reporter. |
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| Strong feeling throughout the US that America should not get involved in WWI. The US should take advantage of location and stay out of European issues. |
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| Committee on Public Information |
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| Committee established by Woodrow Wilson at the beginning of US involvement in WWI in 1917. The committed was headed by George Creel and was nicknamed Creel's Committee. It was basically a government group creating propaganda. It was meant to influence American opinion toward supporting American opinion in supporting US involvement in WWI. They created press releases that we're essentially true in what they said, but were selective in wait they said to persuade people. They also published the official government newspaper, the Official Bulletin. The CPI is the first systematic spread of propaganda. |
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| Law passed shortly after US entered WWI. It made it a crime for someone to convey information or false reports meant to interfere with operation of US armed forces. |
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| Amendment to Espionage Act that made it a crime to print, publish or write disloyal, profane or abusive language about US government. |
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| Rules and regulations for reporters and photographers during WWI. Everything they sent to their papers had to be cleared by Military Intelligence Service. |
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| Military Intelligence Service |
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| Organization headed by Major Frederick Taylor, in charge of inspecting stories and photos of WWI before they were sent home. |
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| Newspaper for soldiers by soldiers. Set up in Europe in 1918 for WWI. |
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| Negative Effects of Censorship |
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| It minimized or masks the failures and screw-ups of officers, so that ineffective officers continued their leadership. It allowed the government to bamboozle the public and manipulate what people know and when they find it out. It violates the expectations of the audience. |
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| Positive Effects of Censorship |
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| It protects the details that could give information away to enemies. Journalists are doing their patriotic part of war effort. |
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| He was Pulitzer's World reporter covering war in Europe. When he came home he broke the story about how the army was undersupplied and was fined $10,000. |
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| Supreme Court decision in 1919 concerning whether defendant possessed right to free speech against the draft. Schenck created pamplets encouraging young men to use political means to end the draft. He was charged under the Espionage Act and jailed. Ultimately, Schenck's conviction was upheld because the court decided that the 1st amendment does not apply when there is "clear and present danger." |
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| In June, 1918, Debs went to Ohio where 3 socialists were jailed for opposing the draft. He gave a speech in favor of the prisoners and was arrested under the Espionage Act and jailed for 10 years. |
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| A Russian immigrant in New York City wrote a pamphlet against US invasion of Russia. He called for a strike of workers of war materials. |
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| He was a German physicist who discovered electromagnetic waves have a frequency in the 1880's. This is an extremely important discovery in the expansion of radio. |
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| He founded the first wireless telegraph signal company, the radio. |
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| He was the leader of radio and television as the founder of NBC and leader of RCA. He began his career with the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America, which later become the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). |
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| Point to Mass Communication |
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| Information being passed from one source to one other receiver. |
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| Point to Point Communication |
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| Information passed from one source to multiple recievers. |
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| News networks own affiliates that broadcast their material over multiple stations. The networks share a send of their profits to the affiliates |
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| It was created by the Federal Radio Act of 1927 in order to regulate radio use "as the public convenience, interest or necessity requires." The commission had the power to grant or deny licenses and assign frequencies and power levels to each license. |
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| Communications Act of 1934 |
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| Replaced the Federal Radio Commission with the Federal Communications Commission. Regulates all radio spectrum, including television and all interstate telecommunications. |
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| Created equal time provision which required radio stations to cover opposing candidates for equal amount of time. |
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| Built CBS from small radio network into one of the foremost radio and television corporations in the US. Recognized programming as the most important part of programming. Signed on many affiliates to ensure wide distribution. |
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| Created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the first weekly news magazine in the US. Summarizes, digests and interprets news. Personalized and dramatized world events. |
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| Anti-Communist, pro-American, Christian views represented in magazine. Re-writers made stories constant. "Show me a man who thinks he's objective and I'll show you a man who's deceiving himself." After Luce retires in 1954 his publications become more liberal. Writers drop his style and have individual voices. |
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| Time (1923), Fortune (1930), Life (1936), Sports Illustrated (1950's), People (1974) |
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| Magazine started in 1925 by Harold Ross, metropolitan sensibilities and sophisticated tone. Backed financially by Raoul Fleischman. Had special features, long, detailed profiles. Featured great talent, such as James Thurber (humorous sketch artist) and E.B. White (essayist). |
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| Journalist and founder of New Yorker magazine. Worked for Stars and Stripes in Paris during WWI. attracted great talent to his magazine. Was so dedicated and worked long hours. Strived to keep magazine clear and conscious. |
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| FDR's chats with the American people through the radio. Talked calmly and did not raise voice. |
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| Hired to work for CBS in the 1930's. Went to London during WWII to do lectures over the air. Helped FDR battle isolationist movement. Wanted to do lectures live, but Britain military would not allow it. He thought it would help and did a trial run. He got to go live. Could hear bombs in back, but Murrow remained calm and painted a picture of the seen for those at home. |
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