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| Judah Maccabee & the Hasmonean Dynasty |
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| It was an empire that ruled Judea |
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| Kingdoms of Israel and Judah |
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| They were a group of tribes that were mostly under someone else’s control and are called the Jews |
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The idea was that the law is from God so they studied things God did to decide disputes.
The idea was that the law is from God so they studied things God did to decide disputes. The word Mishnah means "repetition" or "to study and review". oral law was the passing on of tradition that was not written down, but in turn memorized by the phrases and handed down through the generations. |
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| Effect of the Crusades on the Jews |
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| The Jews were pillaged killed or forced into Christianity |
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| It was the dispersion of Jews among the Gentiles after the Babylonian Exile. They were scattered out beyond Palestine (modern day Israel). Although the term refers mostly to the physical scattering of Jews, it also carries religious, philosophical, political, and eschatological connotations. Inasmuch as the Jews perceive a special relationship between the land of Israel and themselves. Another Diaspora occurred when the Jews were forced to leave Spain England France. Many more happened throughout the years but the first was after the Babylonian Exile. |
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| Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur and Purim |
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They are Jewish holidays
They are Jewish holidays. The holiday of purim celibratys when the jews ecaped being massacured by the Persians as decribed in the book of ester. Rosh Hashanah is the jewish new year it is also the first day of awe. Yom kippur is the most important Jewish holiday Jew often fast all of the day and spent most of there day in the synagogues |
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| The Destruction of the Second Temple |
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It was destroyed by the Romans.
in 66 CE the Jewish population rebelled against the Roman Empire. Four years later, in 70 CE, Roman legions under Titus reconquered and subsequently destroyed much of Jerusalem and the Second Temple. The arch of Titus, located in Rome and built to commemorate Titus's victory in Judea, depicts Roman soldiers carrying off the Menorah from the Temple. Jerusalem itself was razed by the Emperor Hadrian at the end of the Bar Kochba Rebellion in 135 CE. |
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| Herod was a Roman King of Judaea. He is mainly known for his rebuilding of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, which is also known as Herod’s Temple. |
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| The Caliphate of Cordoba was a title. All Caliphs of Cordoba were members of the Umayyad dynasty. They ruled over the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa from 929 to 1031. |
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| Castile & Aragon (Ferdinand and Isabella) |
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| Ferdinand married Isabella, who was heiress to the throne. When her parents died Isabella became Queen of Castile and her husband, Ferdinand, became King. |
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| Babylonian Jewish Community |
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| The Babylonian Jewish Community was the group of Jews who never left Babylonia after the Babylonian Exile in the 6th century. |
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He was a rabbi and physician in Spain, Morocco and Egypt during the Middle Ages.
He was a rabbi and physician in Spain, Morocco and Egypt during the Middle Ages. He firmly believed that no revelation by human intellect can disprove one given to us by god. He also believed that you could only state the negative like god is not multiple persons instead of that his is one person. |
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| The Torah is usually referred to as the text of the Five Books of Moses or the Pentateuch. It is a Bible to Jews. |
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| The Khazars were semi-nomadic Turkish people who mainly lived in the Pontiac steppe and the North Caucasus from the 7th to the 10th century. |
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| Is a Jewish movement where the Jews recognize the Tanakh as their scripture, and they reject the Rabbinic Judaism and the Oral Law. |
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| Jews of Spain and Portugal or their descendants, distinguished from the Ashkenazim and other Jewish communities by their liturgy, religious customs, and pronunciation of Hebrew. After they were expelled from Spain and Portugal in 1492, they established communities in North Africa, the Balkans, Western Europe, and other countries. |
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Pertaining to the Semites or their languages, especially the Jews.
A Semite is a member of any various ancient and modern people groups originating in southwestern Asia. |
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| A person who discriminates against or is prejudiced toward Jews. |
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| Mehmed, a ruler of the Ottoman Empire, worked to repopulate Istanbul not only with its former inhabitants but also with all the conquered peoples of the empire. Mehmed thus gave special attention to attracting Jews from central and western Europe, where they were being subjected to increasing persecution. The loyalty of these Jews to the Ottomans was induced by that of their coreligionists in Byzantium, who had supported and assisted the Ottoman conquests after the long-standing persecution to which they had been subjected by the Greek Orthodox church and its followers. |
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| Great Jewish Revolt & Fall of Jerusalem |
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| The Jewish rebellion against Rome rule was preceded by years of clashes between Jews and Romans in the area. Finally, in ad 132, the misrule of Tinnius Rufus, the Roman governor of Judaea, combined with the emperor Hadrian’s intention to found a Roman colony on the site of Jerusalem and his restrictions on Jewish religious freedom and observances (which included a ban on the practice of male circumcision), roused the last remnants of Palestinian Jewry to revolt. With the fall of Jerusalem and then Bethar the rebellion was crushed in 135. According to Christian sources, Jews were thenceforth forbidden to enter Jerusalem. |
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| The Almoravids was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during the 11th century. Yusuf ibn Tashfin in 1097 assumed the title of Amir al Muslimin (Commander of the Muslims). The Almoravid power was at its height at Yusuf's death. |
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| The Black Death was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. Because the cause for it was unknown, the Jews were blamed and persecuted. |
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| The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic empire. Antiochus, who ruled from 175-164 BC started aggressively Hellenizing (or de-Judaizing) activities that led to armed rebellion in Maccabean Revolt. Efforts to deal with both the Parthians and the Jews proved fruitless, and Antiochus himself died during an expedition against the Parthians in 164 BC. By 143 BC, the Maccabees had fully established their independence. |
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| The Statute of the Jewry was a law issued by Edward I of England in 1275. It placed many restrictions on English Jews, most notably outlawing the practice of usury. |
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| Baruch Spinoza was a man from Amsterdam in the 17th Century. He argued for the supremacy of rationalism over religious doctrine. He questioned the validity of the Holy Scriptures. He also wanted intellectual and religious freedom. These controversial views led to his excommunication from the Jewish community. |
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| Martin Luther and the Jews |
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| Martin Luther in a 1523 pamphlet suggested that kind treatment towards the Jews might convert them to Christianity. Later Luther became hostile towards the Jews because they would not convert to Christianity. He went so far to suggest that their synagogues and homes should be burned, their holy books destroyed, their rabbis forbidden to teach, prohibit them to travel, take away their money, and they should be forced into hard labor. |
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| the Ghetto of Venice is the most clearly recognizable area of Venice. It is an islet on which from 1516 to 1797 Venice’s Jews were confined. The word ghetto was first used with reference to Venice. The Ghetto is in the northwestern area of the city. Canals, whose bridges were once raised and guarded at night, surround it. Because this was the only location that the Jews could live in Venice, the houses are densely packed and rise to seven stories. The alleyways are almost too narrow for two people to pass by each other. |
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| Johanan ben Zakkai was a Palestinian Jewish sage, a founder of an academy, and an authoritative rabbinic body. He had an instrumental influence on the continuance and development of traditional Judaism after the destruction of the Temple in AD 70. He instigated the rabbi establishment and the origins of their power, as well as the rise of synagogues as places of gathering and worship. |
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| “Marranos” started appearing with the first riots in the Juderias of Spain. Many Jews began being forced to convert to Christianity in exchange for their lives. The laws in 14th and 15th century Spain became very oppressive toward practicing Jews, and conversion was provided as an alternative to death. Many of the middle class Jews outwardly adopted Christianity to avoid the harsh laws, while secretly practicing Judaism. Marranos or in translated from Spanish, swine, was a term applied in Spain and Portugal by Christians to the descendents of the coerced, baptized Jews suspected of adhering to Judaism. Conversos was a term used to label the converted Jews, the ones that seriously converted to Christianity and not just because of a death sentence. |
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| Kabbalah is a discipline and school of thought discussing the mystical aspect of Judaism. It is a set of esoteric teachings meant to define the inner meaning of both the Torah (Hebrew Bible) and traditional rabbinic literature, as well as to explain the significance of Jewish religious observances. There are four levels of Kabbalah, Peshat which is the simple or direct meaning, Remez the allegoric meaning, Derash the comparative meaning, and Sod the inner meaning—a foundation of the kabbalah. Some Jews consider this as important to study as the Torah itself, while others reject it for heresy. |
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| Ashkenazi was applied in the Middle Ages to Jews living along the Rhine River in northern France and western Germany. The center of Ashkenazi Jews later spread to Poland-Lithuania and now there are Ashkenazi settlements all over the world. These Jews were economic pioneers, because of their connections to the Mediterranean. The Ashkenazi differed from another group, called the Sephardim, in many ways. Their major differences include, Hebrew pronunciation, Hebrew festivals, common language in their areas, and songs they sing in church. While Ashkenazi Jews occasionally experience anti-Semitism, they did not receive it as much as other Jews in the rest of the world did. Many were willing to die as martyrs rather than convert. |
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| Hellenistic Jews versus Hasideans or Hasidic Jews |
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| The Hasidic Jews were a member of a pre-Christian Jewish sect the origin of which is uncertain. This sect is noted for uncompromising observance of Judaic Law. The Hasideans joined the Maccabean revolt against the Hellenistic Seleucids (2nd century BC) to fight for religious freedom and stop paganism. They had no interest in politics, and they later withdrew from the Maccabean cause once they had regained their religious freedom. Tradition pictures them as so devoted to Judaic Law that martyrdom and torture were willingly preferred to the slightest violation of the Sabbath. The Hellenistic Jews, however, did not have the same religious freedom under the Hellenes. Alexander came in and at first, the Jews thought that they would be independent again and have a king, but it soon turned out that Alexander was making Israel part of his own empire. After the death of Alexander, the Hellenistic Jews were still oppressed by his successors. The Hasidic Jews had the regained the religious freedom that the Hellenistic Jews never regained. |
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| Destruction of the First (Solomon) Temple |
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| Solomon’s Temple was destroyed circa 586 BC by King Nebuchadnezzar. |
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| Tomas de Torquemada was the first Grand Inquisitor (leader of the inquisition) he may have had Jewish ancestry. |
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| the Sadducees were a Jewish sect and took the Torah completely literally. |
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Josephus was a historian and apologist (someone who defends a idea under public scrutiny) in the first century.
Josephus was taken hostage by the Roman Empire in the Jewish revolt of 66-70 A.D. He spent the rest of his life in or around Rome, working as an advisor and historian to emperors. His works give important insight to Judaism in the first century. |
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| the Pharisees were a Jewish sect that took the Torah non-literally and in loose terms. They were also enemies of Jesus. |
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| the Jewish calendar is very different from the normal calendar. For example, they count from when they think the world began. They are in the 4000’s. |
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| the 9th of Av is a day when many bad things have happened to the Jews, such as the destruction of Solomon’s temple and being expelled from Spain. |
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| Pope Paul IV and the Jews |
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| Paul IV was extremely “anti-Jew” and forced them to repair the walls of Rome without compensation. He eventually drove many Jews out of Rome. |
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| Assyrian Empire and the Jews |
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| The Assyrian Empire deported the Jews to their land. However, 70 years later the children and grandchildren of that Diaspora came back; and in Babylon prospered. For centuries, Babylon was renowned as the center of Jewish learning, where the scriptures of Torah and later the Talmud were written. Furthermore, while in Babylon the Jews absorbed from the Babylonians the idea of universal empire, which influenced Jewish self-understanding ever after as a people called to establish God's universal reign |
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| a mosque on top of the holy rock for the Jews. The dome of the rock is a is a Islamic shrine and a major landmark located in the Haram Al-Sharif in Jerusalem. It was completed in 691. Making it eh oldest existing Islamic monument in the world. |
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| a Jewish court that had 71 members there were also small ones in every city that had 21 judges |
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the persecution of the Jews in the Iberian Peninsula.
The Reconquista was a period of 800 years in the Middle Ages during which the Christian kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula grew in size and stature. |
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the rules which the Jews must obey concerning loans
(pronounced /_ju___ri/, comes from the Medieval Latin usuria, "interest" or "excessive interest", from the Latin usura "interest") originally meant the charging of interest on loans. This would have included charging a fee for the use of money, such as at a bureau de change. After countries legislated to limit the rate of interest on loans, usury came to mean the interest above the lawful rate. In common usage today, the word means the charging of unreasonable or relatively high rates of interest. As such, the term is largely derived from Abrahamic religious principles and Riba is the corresponding Islamic term. The primary focus in this article is on the Christian tradition. |
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| A roman emperor who built a temple on top of the Jews temple and banned circumcision |
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| a fort were they Jews held of the Romans and committed a mass suicide |
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The Greek general who took control of the Egyptian part of Alexander the greats territory
Few details of Ptolemy’s life are known outside his being considered a member of Alexandria’s Greek society. Even his origins are argued about; some historians say he was Greek, other say he was a Hellenized Egyptian. He was a mathmatician, astronomer, geographer and astrologer. |
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| The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. |
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| First Crusade and the Jews |
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| The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of conquering the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and freeing the Eastern Christians from Islamic rule. |
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| A prophet born in Mecca, founder of the offshoot of Judaism known as Islam. We proclaimed himself a prophet and a messenger from god. He gained many followers before his death in 632, in the city of Medina. |
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| Spain's Edict of Expulsion or the Alhambra Decree |
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| In 1290, King Edward I issued an edict expelling all Jews from England. Lasting for the rest of the Middle Ages, it would be over 350 years until it was formally overturned in 1656. The edict was not an isolated incident but the culmination of over 200 years of maltreatment. |
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| Talmud Babylonian & Jerusalem |
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| The Talmud is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs, and history. It is a central text of Rabbinic Judaism, second only to the Hebrew Bible in importance. |
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| Jews, expulsed from Spain, were free to act as money lenders in other countries, unbound by the Christian law of usury which prevented men to lend money and gain profit. |
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| Yemen was a trading city in south Arabia. It traded ivory tusks, frankincense and Myrrh from Africa to roman city states. With It's own language and customs, Yemen was a very individual country. They battled the Byzantines who were expanding southward to convert the Yemenites. |
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| Persian Empire and the Jews (Cyrus) |
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| After the overthrow of Babylonia by the Persian (Iranian) Achaemenid Empire, Cyrus the Great allowed the Jews to return to their native land |
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| They came out of the Industrial Revolution. All the changes lead to new movements, such as the Zionists. Zionists preferred to speak Hebrew, a semitic language. They modernized and adapted it for everyday use. Zionists sometimes would not speak Yiddish, a language they considered tainted by Christian persecution. Upon moving to Israel, many Zionists refused to speak the languages brought with the Diaspora and gave themselves new, Hebrew names. According to Eliezer Schweid, the rejection of life in the Diaspora is a central assumption in all currents of Zionism. Underneath this attitude was the feeling that the Diaspora restricted the growth of national Jewish life. |
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| Due to religious and social schism, as well as continuing persecution, rocked the Jewish society. In the 17th century, during the course of a bloody uprising, Bogdan Chmielnicki had Cossacks that murdered thousands of Jews in Poland and the Ukraine. Bogdan Chmielnicki was not very well received after that incident. |
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| Alfred Dreyfus & Theodor Herzl |
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| Theodor Herzl was the founder of the political form of Zionism, a movement to establish a Jewish homeland. He wrote a pamphlet called The Jewish State in 1896. It proposed that the Jewish question was a political question to be settled by a council of nations from around the world. He organized a world congress of Zionists that met in Basel, Switz., in August 1897. He became the first president of the World Zionist Organization, established by the congress. Alfred Dreyfus was a French man. He was arrested and the legal proceedings, which were based on specious evidence, were highly irregular. Although he denied his guilt and his family consistently supported his plea of innocence, public opinion welcomed the verdict and the sentence. In particular, the newspaper La Libre Parole (this was when the French press was anti-semitic), used Dreyfus to symbolize the supposed disloyalty of French Jews. |
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| A pogrom is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by the killing and destruction of their homes, businesses, and religious centers. |
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| Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818–March 14, 1883) was a German philosopher, political economist, historian, sociologist, humanist, political theorist and revolutionary credited as the founder of communism. |
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| The teachings of Hasidism are founded on two theoretical conceptions: (1) religious panentheism, or the omnipresence of God, and (2) the idea of Devekus, communion between God and man. "Man," says the Besht, "must always bear in mind that God is omnipresent and is always with him; that God is the most subtle matter everywhere diffused... Let man realize that when he is looking at material things he is in reality gazing at the image of the Deity that is present in all things. With this in mind man will always serve God even in small matters." |
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| Conservative or Historical Judaism |
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| A Jewish movement to counter the reform movement. It was formed by the German Jews in the 1850s. they are more Conservative when it comes to there believes |
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| they are a family of Jews who made a banking dynasty. It was founded by a ghetto born man named Mayer Amschel Rothschild. His strategy was to keep the business in his families hands so he married his five sons in to positions of power. |
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| the pale of settlements in which the Russian Jews were forced to live by Czar Catharine the II. They were sent there because of pressure which was to stop there competition in business and there spreading of evil ways among the Russian masses |
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| Moses Montefiore, was one of the most famous British Jews in the 19th century. He was a financier, stockbroker, banker, philanthropist and, for a while, the Sheriff of London. Though somewhat lax in religious observance in his early life, after his first visit to the Holy Land in 1827, he became a strictly observant Jew. Montefiore purchased land and commissioned his cousin, architect David Mocatta, to design a private synagogue, known as the Montefiore synagogue. |
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| Moses Mendelssohn is considered the father of the Jewish Enlightenment. Mendelssohn wanted to take the Jews out of a ghetto lifestyle and into secular society. He campaigned for emancipation and instructed Jews to form bonds with the gentile governments. He tried to improve the relationship between Jews and Christians as he argued for tolerance and humanity. He became the symbol of the Jewish Enlightenment, the Haskalah. |
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| A professed anti-Semite, Nicholas detested the Jews. Where other Tsars had failed in their efforts to break those bonds that held the Jewish community together, Nicholas was determined to succeed. Upon accepting the throne in 1825 the new Czar was no doubt aware that efforts to force the Jewish community to accept Russian Orthodoxy failed miserably. On August 27, 1827, Nicholas published a decree, which officially called for the recruitment of Jewish boys between the ages of twelve and twenty-five for the military. The decree was an attempt to institute a large-scale enforcement of Jewish boys to accept baptism. For thirty years, the Jewish community was traumatized, and their cohesiveness as a community suffered. |
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| Reform Judaism refers to the spectrum of beliefs, practices and organizational infrastructure associated with Reform Judaism in North America and in the United Kingdom. |
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Sabbatai Zevi was a rabi and kabbalist who claimed to be the long-awaited Jewish Messiah. He was the founder of the Jewish Sabbatean movement and inspired the founding of a number of other similar sects, such as the Donmeh in Turkey.
Sabbatai Zevi was born in Smyrna on a 9th Av 1626 and died, according to some, on Yom Kippur, September 30, 1676, in Dulcigno, a small town in the coastal region of Montenegro, now called Ulcinj. |
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