Term
| what are 4 modern challenges to understanding who Jesus was? |
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Definition
2. We have preconceived notions about Jesus shaped by our society
3. The Language Barrier
4. Studying Jesus is Personal |
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Term
| In the argument for Was Jesus Real?, what are the arguments |
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Definition
1) Jews had strong motives to spread Judaeism
2)Jesus is the mascot
3)Borrowed from Greek and Roman myths
So sucessful, seen as a historical figure. No evidence for this exists |
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Term
| What is Trustworthy Evidence that Jesus exists? |
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Definition
-Eyewitness accounts.
-Unbiased source
-Numerous
-Independent |
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Term
| All sources for Jesus are? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 3 Roman Greek (non christian)Sources about Jesus? |
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Definition
None in 1st century after his death.
1. Pliny the Younger - 10 volumes letter
2. Tacitus - Annals (Christ put to death during Tiberus
3. Seutonius |
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Term
| What are the Syrian Sources for Jesus' existance? |
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Definition
| Mara Bar Sapian - writes to son |
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Term
| What are the Jewish sources for Jesus' existance during 100 years that are expected to mention Him but don't? |
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Definition
1)Philo of Alexandria
2) Justus of Tiberius
3) Dead Sea Scrolls [written before His birth] |
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Term
| What are the Jewish sources that do mention Jesus? |
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Definition
1)Flavius Josephus - false prophets
2)Talmud
3) A Certain Person
4)Balaam
5)Pen Pandira |
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Term
| The Non-Canonical Books are? |
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Definition
Infancy Gospels
Narrative Gospels
Sayings Gospels |
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Term
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Definition
| Writings of the Old Testament |
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Term
| Who was the Infancy Gospel written by, and is it a historically useful source? |
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Definition
| Thomas - Twin Brother of Jesus? Not useful |
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Term
| What Narrative Accounts may be useful historically to tell us about Jesus? |
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Definition
-Egerton
-Secret book of mark
-Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 840, fragment
-Gospel of Peter
-Jewish Gospels - ebionites, nazarenes |
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Term
| Who was the Gospel of Thomas discovered by and when? |
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Definition
Mahamid Ali, 40's. 13 volumes, kept in his house. 52 writings in them.
114 sayings of Jesus, no narration. 79 parallel Canon Gospels. |
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Term
| What is the evidence for the argument that the Gospel of Thomas is a later work? |
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Definition
gnostic world view of 2nd century, fits in better with that time period. *secret esoteric knowledge of universe is key.
Borrows from all 4 gospels
Church historians assume it is late |
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Term
| What is the evidence for the argument that the Gospel of Thomas is early? |
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Definition
-has a more simplistic version of the parallels.
-saying 12, James the Just. Was an early head of the church.
- evidence to all 4 Gospels |
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Term
| What are the conclusions on Jesus in Non-Canonical Christian Writings? |
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Definition
-numerous but not helpful
-reflect later centuries, not His lifetime
-Gospel of Thomas is only possible useful text
-Don't have sources outside of Gospels to use. |
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Term
Formation of the Gospels.
What are reasons that they are human made? |
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Definition
- people can write anything
-theonepis states God may have not been involved.
- Scripture meant the Hebrew Bible
- always a human element |
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Term
| Why was Jesus misunderstood by his disciples and followers? |
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Definition
He was not fulfilling the main expectation of a Messiah at the time.
was not an enlightened military leader.
he suffered |
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Term
| What is Stage 0 in the formation of the Gospels? |
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Definition
Post Easter Reflection
- since He wasn't what they expected, looked at Hebrew Bible and Gospels to remember his teachings |
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Term
| What is Stage I in the Gospel Formation |
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Definition
Oral Traditions
20 years, disciples and people share the stories |
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Term
| Describe stage II of forming the Bible |
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Definition
| written collections formed |
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Term
| Describe stage III in the Bibles formation` |
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Definition
| 65-90 AD, Full Narratives formed. |
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Term
| What is a selective tradition? |
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Definition
| Oral history. Only certain events can be picked out of all of them. Allow stories to be augmented, contents are selected |
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Term
| How does current experience change Oral Traditions? |
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Definition
| memory is not static, details. Context changes how you tell a story. |
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Term
| Why were oral traditions preferred to written ones at the time of the formation of the Bible? |
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Definition
| eye contact. most people could not write. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sayings of Jesus that are not in the Gospels. Handed down. |
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Term
| When did the stages of the bible formation occur? |
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Definition
| I-30-50, II-50-65, III-65-90 |
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Term
| What is evidence for stage II of bible formation? |
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Definition
writings of early christians outside of church by Clement and Ignatus.
Internal evidence of collections in Gospels - Mark, 7 signs of Gospels.
Collections of sayings passed around. |
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Term
| What happened to the Bible stories as they got written down? |
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Definition
| they became standardized. |
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Term
| Why were full narratives written down in 65-90AD? |
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Definition
| eyewitnesses, the disciples were dying. |
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Term
| What does the word Gospel mean? |
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Definition
| the saving message of Jesus, nothing to do with writing. Originally an idea from The Emperor, share message of Peace |
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Term
| What are facts about the book of John? |
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Definition
| written last. more theological traditions. less than 10% in any other Gospel. |
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Term
| What is the Synoptic Problem? |
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Definition
| The relationship between Matthew, Mark and John. |
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Term
| Why must Mark, Matthew and Luke have used the same source or borrowed from one another? |
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Definition
| have the same word for word descriptions of things. Jesus spoke Aramaic, not greek. |
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Term
| Why was Mark probably written earliest? |
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Definition
- awkward Greek. Others probably cleaned his up.
- Common link between the three other Gospels. When those 3 disagree, 1 always agrees with Mark. |
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Term
| Why Luke did not borrow from Matthew? Two independent books. |
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Definition
When they share with Mark, Luke reflects Mark.
Important sections have no overlap.
(Birth Stories differ)
All of Q is in these two but not Mark. |
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Term
| What is the 4 Source Hypothesis? |
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Definition
Matthew = Mark + Q + Special M
Luke = Mark + Q + special L
Mark = Mark |
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Term
| What are the dates of The Gospels? |
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Definition
Mark 65-70
Matthew 70-75
Luke 75-80
John ~ 90CE |
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Term
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Definition
| the entry about the temple is included, in 70 it came true, so must have been written after that. |
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Term
| How do we date the gospel of Mark? |
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Definition
| account of seize of Jerusalum |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrowing down of the Gospels |
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Term
| What happened to narrow down the Gospels? |
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Definition
certain Gospels popular in diff. geographic areas.
~ 150 seen as Scripture. Marcion creates first distinct Christian Gospel.
Leaders forced to create their own Bible to use. |
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Term
| Who qoutes the Gospels early on? |
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Definition
Celement in 110, Hebrew Bible is scripture.
Epistle of Barnabas - only 1 |
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Term
| What did the first bible contain? Who was it by? |
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Definition
| Marcion wrote it. Claimed there were two God's. One loving, One angry. Luke and letters to Paul included. |
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Term
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Definition
Teacher in 180 Rome.
disagreeing Gospels is a weakness, needed a united book to present to anti christians. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 Gospel from 4. No contradictions. Unifying book. Suria 8th century. |
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Term
| When did the church accept all 4 Gospels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is stage 5 of the Bible? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 5 elements that 4 Gospels chosen to be in the Bible have? |
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Definition
1)narratives that culminated with death & ressurection of Jesus
2)Engage Hebrew Bible
3)avoid Theological Extremes
4)Credible origins story-connects back to eyewitnesses
5)accepted and loved by the people |
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Term
| Did all Bibles during the 1st - 4th century agree with each other? |
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Definition
| No. They had different books in them. agreed in the 4th century. |
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Term
| When was the Bible that we use today formed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What 2 factors shaped what got in to the Bible? |
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Definition
- used and loved by the people, popular
- support of important Bishops |
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Term
| What is the Bible ultimately a product of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is The Challenge of The Easter Gulf? |
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Definition
resurrection changed how the disciples viewed the events that occurred. tainted memories, objectivity hard to maintain.
Allowing knowledge to taint events and past |
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Term
| What events were remembered differently in the Gospel of John? |
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Definition
| the Temple, riding on a Donkey. |
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Term
| What is the 5th challenge with establishing historical accuracy of the gospels? |
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Definition
| Possible Persuasive power of scripture |
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Term
| What is the Possible Persuasive Power of Scripture? |
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Definition
Jusus fulfilling prophecies from Hebrew Bible even if no one saw him do them.
- Virgin Birth
- Riding Donkeys
-where he was born [Bethlaham instead of Nazareth] |
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Term
| What is evidence in Matthew about the Possible Persuasive power of Scripture? |
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Definition
| -either all the prophecies were fulfilled exactly, or he copied them from the Hebrew Bible and filled in the stories. |
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Term
| What is the 1st challenge of establishing historical accuracy of The Bible? |
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Definition
| Determining original text |
|
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Term
| what is the 2nd challenge of establishing historical accuracy of the Bible |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the 3rd challenge to establishing historical accuracy of The Bible? |
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Definition
| Determining the proper genre. |
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Term
| What are the 3 techniques to identify historically valuable |
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Definition
1) identify most historically valuble/relible parts of the Bible.
2)multiple independent attestation
3)contextual credibility |
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Term
| what is the emarrassment criterion? |
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Definition
greater degree in trust of parts that are embarrassing to the people.
- Jesus baptized by john, suggesting Jesus is inferior.
- Jesus betrayed by followers. Lacks power
- rejection of Jesus by his own family |
|
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Term
| what are limitations to the embarrassment criterion? |
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Definition
| only looks at part of the story. Just because something is not embarrassing/agrees with Christian viewpoint, does not falsify it. |
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Term
| What is multiple independent attestation? |
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Definition
a saying that is attributed to Jesus, found in 2 inpendent sources. More likely to be true.
- cruxifiction
- disturbance in Temple
- Jesus having brothers |
|
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Term
| what is a problem with Multiple Attestation? |
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Definition
| can't be used to inauthenticate a story. just because something has one source does not mean it's not true. |
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Term
| What is Contextual Credibility? |
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Definition
saying more likely to be true if it reflects culture at the time of 1st century palistine.
- Jesus was not banned
-pigs and exorcism |
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Term
| What are the problems with contextual credibility? |
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Definition
| it can raise doubts about deeds, but can't make them true. assumes we actually know the proper context, about the time period. |
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Term
| What is the 2nd stradegy to understanding the Bible, finding out what is true in it? |
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Definition
| Take Judaeism seriously. Understand context. Jesus was an observant Jew. |
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Term
|
Definition
| earliest ancestors of Jews. 16th - 12th century |
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Term
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Definition
| -descendents of the 12 tribes of Jacob. Named Israel. |
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Term
| Who did the Tribe of Judah later become? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the history of the Jewish people? |
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Definition
Egyptian enslavement
mosaic covenant
Davidic covenant
Destruction of N. Kingdom by Assyrian forces. |
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Term
| When did God first appear for the Jewish people? |
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Definition
| After they were enslaved in Egypt. Rescued them. |
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Term
| What was the Mosiac Covenant at Mt. Sanai? |
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Definition
God forms a pact with the Jewish people.
Hebrew people are chosen people of God. God gave the Torah to Moses. Canaan is theirs forever. |
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Term
| For the Jewish people, where does God reside? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the Davidic Covenant? |
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Definition
| David the king to unit all 12 lands. Israel always will have political dimension. |
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Term
| What happens during the destruction due to the Assyrians? |
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Definition
| 10 out of the 12 tribes are wiped out. Judah tribe mostly left. rise of prophets to speak for God. God does not speak directly anymore. |
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Term
| What do the 12 disciples represent to Jews? |
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Definition
| The fullness of the kingdom of Israel. |
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Term
| What happened to Jews during the Babylonian Conquest and Exhile? |
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Definition
| Soleman's temple destroyed. King David eliminated. Both God's promises were questioned. |
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Term
| Why were God's promises questioned during the Babylonian Exhile? |
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Definition
| either God had changed his mind, or the Jews had done something to break the covenants. |
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Term
| What was different about Alexander The Great? |
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Definition
| He let people practice their own thing. equated his lifestyle to theirs in a way that made them want to live under the roman rule. All People are One. |
|
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Term
| what was the Antiochus IV Religious Oppresion? |
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Definition
| force Jews to be Greek. sacrficed a pig on the alter of Zues built in the jewish temple. Forced jews to decide their future. made them unhappy. |
|
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Term
| What did the Isrealites do in response? |
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Definition
| Revolted. Judah the Hammer maccabee. cleansed the Temple. Channakah. |
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Term
| Describe the Failure of the 2nd Kingdom of Israel. |
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Definition
Judah made himself high priest. not of the line of Arin, or David. Jews unhappy with his rule.
Ask romans to take control. |
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Term
| What are the 5 main fragmentation groups of Judaism? |
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Definition
| Sadducees, Zealots, Essenes, Pharasees, Messianists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aristocratice Nobles. Co-operated w/Romans. Day to day running of Judaism. "best we can do is try to retain some control" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| armed revolt against romans. get own power |
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Term
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Definition
| complete seperation of Roman Greek world and Jewish world. Holy Kadosh. live in the desert away from the world. God vindicate them with Apocolypse. |
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Term
|
Definition
| party of holiness. teachers wanted to make God part of your life. tranforming your heart for God. |
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Term
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Definition
| series of groups who put their hope in the Messiah. Save jews from oppression. The King is seen as redeemer figure. Suffering is a sign of God's abandonment, not Messiah. |
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Term
| What is a major sign you are not the Messiah? |
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Definition
| Dying by the kingdom of Rome. |
|
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Term
| Who are the would be messiahs? |
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Definition
| Theudus (44CE), The Egyptian (52CE), Honie the Circle )1st CBE), Hannina Ben Dosa (70CE), Jesus Ben Aranius , Simon Bar Kochba |
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Term
| what did Theudus do as a would be messiah? |
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Definition
| would have split the Jordan |
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Term
| What did The Egyptian want people to do as a would be messiah? |
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Definition
| walk around the walls of the city to protest. |
|
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Term
| What did Honi the Circle want people to do as a would be messiah? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Hanina Ben Dosa want people to do as a would be messiah? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Jesus ben aranius want people to do as a would be messiah? |
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Definition
| freed from romans due to insanity |
|
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Term
| What did Simon Bar Kochba want people to do as a would be messiah? |
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Definition
| established as King by the Jews. Killed by Romans. |
|
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Term
| what is the final movement of the Jewish people? |
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Definition
| Revolt 66-70 CE, destruction of the 2nd temple. All Jews revolt against romans. all but Pharasees and Messianists destroyed. |
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Term
| What 2 groups were competing to represent Judaeism? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| to fully understand the Gospels, what 2 things must be done? |
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Definition
| isolation of reliable parts of the text, build upon those. paying close attention to context. |
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Term
| What is the "thesis" of Mark? |
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Definition
| Jesus Christ is the unique son of God, the Messiah |
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Term
|
Definition
| a persuasive literary text that attempts to explain how a suffering Jesus could be the Messiah. |
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Term
| What is the structure of Mark? |
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Definition
| Hidden/Misunderstood Messiah. Reveal the Messiah. Triumphant Tradgedy of the Messiah. (aristotle tradgedy form) |
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Term
| What are the main parts of the first "act" of Mark"? |
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Definition
| Jesus hides his identity. Disciples are confused about who he is. Family calls him insane. |
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Term
| What are the 3 hypothesis as to why Mark wrote the way he did? |
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Definition
1)part of later attempt to devalue apostles. Power struggle between Jerusalum and Galaleans.
2) highlighting Glory of Jesus by showing him different than Apostles, since they were inept.
3)allows unsure readers to identify with confusion. |
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Term
| what Book was the resurection ending added into later? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thesis of Matthew? |
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Definition
| audience probably not Jewish, since ordinary customs are explained. |
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Term
| What are the 3 ways to figure out the context of the Gospels? |
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Definition
| Figuring out the Audience, Comparitive studies between the ones written around same time period, structural analysis. |
|
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Term
| Why does Matthew start Jesus' geneology with Abraham? |
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Definition
| stressing Jesus is the end, result of Judaeism. |
|
|
Term
| Why does Luke start Jesus' geneology with Adam? |
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Definition
| Jesus is the end result of humanity. Saviour of all. |
|
|
Term
| What is the structural analysis of Matthew? |
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Definition
| Laws are important. Jews more righteous than Pharasess. Strict law interpretation. Jesus great reformer. |
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Term
| What is the structural analysis of Luke? |
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Definition
| points out Jews helping Gentiles. Jesus will be like them. |
|
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Term
| How do the structures of Matthew and Luke vary? |
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Definition
Matthew - 5 books. Narrative, lecture. Sermons are 5 long lectures. Connects Moses with Jesus. Is a Jewish text.
Luke: 7 books. geography organises them. Message destined for Rome. |
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Term
| Signs Matthew's audience is Jewish |
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Definition
| Jesus as a fulfillment of Jewish Prophecy. Qoutes Hebrew Bible. Jesus hostile to Gentiles. Presents Jesus in the middle of massive intra Jesus debtae. Jesus against Pharasees. |
|
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Term
| Signs Lukes audience are Gentiles. |
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Definition
| forshadows theme of gentiles. exhalts non jews. Jesus is there for outsiders and outcasts. |
|
|
Term
| What is important about the Bible? |
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Definition
| It can represent Jesus as different things to different people because of the various viewpoints each Gospel has. |
|
|
Term
| What is Marks literary analysis |
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Definition
| to discover the purpose, how a suffering man could be the son of God. |
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