Term
| Why were the walls of Egyptian buildings typically battered? |
|
Definition
| In response to gravity, sloped at 45 degrees to support weight as walls got taller |
|
|
Term
| Why were the columns in an Egyptian temple so closely spaced? |
|
Definition
| Heavy stone roof couldn't span very large a distance without support |
|
|
Term
| Draw the plan/section of an Egyptian hypostyle hall: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only accurate understanding of Egyptian architecture held by Western Europeans until Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt was: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Were Greek temples painted (polychromatic) or left natural? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the theory that the Greek Doric order was derived from traditional wood construction: |
|
Definition
| Stone imitations of wooden structures, Vitruvius' "primitive hut" theory |
|
|
Term
| Draw a typical Doric entablature identifying the following: triglyph, metope, architrave |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Draw a floor plan of a typical Greek Stoa: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The “perfect” Greek temple was the __________________ in (city) __________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sculptural medium of gold and ivory, typically used in cult statues |
|
|
Term
| Who was the sculptor who made both cult statues in the Parthenon and the Temple of Zeus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Egyptian tomb with battered size and flat top, made from mud brick or stone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monumental gateway of Egyptian temple, two tapering towers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sloped 45 degrees, bigger at bottom, to support weight of structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large hall with axis through middle, supported by many columns. Center columns are higher to allow for clerestory windows. |
|
|
Term
| Define clerestory window: |
|
Definition
| Only windows/light source in hypostyle hall, possible because center columns are higher |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tall, narrow, 4-sided monument |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Doric (triglyph/metope), Ionic, Corinthian: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Column: capital, shaft, fluting, base: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Entablature: cornice, frieze, architrave: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Covered walkway/portico in Greece, housing public shops with offices behind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| City square in Greece, surrounded by stoas |
|
|
Term
| Define naos/cella, pronaos: |
|
Definition
naos - central cult structure of the temple
cella - main room (contained cult statue)
pronaos - porch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No qualification, going beyond perfect and beyond rules |
|
|
Term
| Which two of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were not Greek? |
|
Definition
Great Pyramids of Giza
Hanging Gardens of Babylon |
|
|
Term
| List the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: |
|
Definition
Great Pyramids of Giza
Temple of Artemis
"Pharos" Lighthouse in Alexandria
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Statue of Zeus in Olympia
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Colossus of Rhodes |
|
|
Term
| What Greek leader is associated with the term “Hellenistic”? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most important temple in Rome was: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ruins of Roman ________________ are visually the equivalent of today’s highway interchanges. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the system the Romans used to heat their buildings. |
|
Definition
| Hypocaust heating system, fire heated water and air under elevated floor and into walls |
|
|
Term
| Draw the cross section of a typical Roman basilica: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lighthouse built on the island of Pharos in Alexandria |
|
|
Term
| What event resulted in the destruction of the Library at Alexandria? |
|
Definition
| Julius Caesar set fire to his own ships, accidentally burned library |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Greek Doric and Rome Doric? |
|
Definition
| Greeks had the corner triglyphs align with the corner of the entablature, rather than above the corner column like the Romans did, with a smaller metope on the corner |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a Greek theater and a Roman theater? |
|
Definition
Greeks picked locations with sloping hills and natural acoustics, Romans didn't care about nature and could put a theater anywhere
Also, Roman theaters were closed on all sided, while Greek theaters were left open based on the landscape |
|
|
Term
| List three differences between a Greek temple and a Roman temple: |
|
Definition
1. Roman only enter from front, Greek enter from all sides
2. Greek foundation no more than 3 steps high, closer to nature, Roman could be much taller
3. Greeks could have multiple rows of a columns, while Romans usually had single rows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Open public square/marketplace in Rome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elevated platform that temples sat on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bridge-like structure with slight slope to carry water over distance, supplied water for Rome |
|
|
Term
| Define Arch: voussoir, keystone, thrust, buttress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roman central heating system, fire heated water and air beneath an elevated floor and into walls for heat to be distributed (fairly) evenly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large public building for business or legal matters, Roman equivalent of Greek stoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large open-air venue used for public events. Main entertainment sites of the time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Awning over the spectators in the circus |
|
|
Term
| Draw how the Romans built a wall with concrete: |
|
Definition
| Mold/support structure outside, stone inside, poured concrete to fill gaps |
|
|
Term
| What secret did Roman concrete have, that was not rediscovered until the 19th century? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the ballast rings or steps in the Pantheon? |
|
Definition
| Tension rings to keep the dome in compression |
|
|
Term
| Who was Augustus Caesar’s main builder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name four different buildings the Romans used for public entertainment: |
|
Definition
The Colosseuem
Circus Maximum
Pompey's Theater
Thermae of Titus |
|
|
Term
| What was Nero’s “Golden House”? |
|
Definition
| Domus Aurea, built after two-thirds of rome was destroyed by a fire, used the land to build this series of buildings |
|
|
Term
| What building did Vespasian build over the lake in Nero’s palace? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the four orders of pilasters on the Flavian Amphitheater, starting with the ground level: |
|
Definition
| Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Composite |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main spaces in a Roman Bath? |
|
Definition
| Frigidarium, tepidarium, caldarium |
|
|
Term
| Why are there three parts in a Thermae window? |
|
Definition
| Didn't want to split the dome in half |
|
|
Term
| How did Vespasian pay for the construction for the Colosseum? |
|
Definition
| Sends son Titus to destroy sack and destroy Jerusalem |
|
|
Term
| Who was Trajan’s architect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did Trajan pay for the construction of his Forum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Column of Trajan recorded what event? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The largest clear span constructed up to the advent of iron framing was the ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What emperor constructed the Pantheon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cement made from volcanic ash from Pozzouli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hard construction material made of sand, gravel, pebbles, stone and mortar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roman brickwork in a diamond pattern (squares at 45 degrees) |
|
|
Term
| Define dome: oculus, haunch, coffers |
|
Definition
oculus - circular window at the top/center of the dome
haunch - part of dome that wants to expand, between compression and tension
coffers - sunken panels in ceiling, contribute to strength of dome |
|
|
Term
| Define Commodity, Firmness, and Delight |
|
Definition
| Vitruvius' three principles of design; useful, sturdy, and beautiful |
|
|
Term
| Define Tuscan, Composite Orders |
|
Definition
Tuscan- unfluted version of Doric
Composite- combination of Ionic and Corinthian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monumental structure in shape of arch, invented by Romans, document story of whatever triumph in some way |
|
|
Term
| Define Thermae (Baths): Frigidarium, Tepidarium, Caldarium |
|
Definition
frigidarium- cold bath room
tepidarium- warm room without water
caldarium- sauna like room with hot bath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large arched windows segmented into three, characteristic of public baths in Rome |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structural difference between a Roman and a Byzantine dome: |
|
Definition
Roman- Flatter dome on top of drum, load carried straight down
Byzantine- Taller, sloped dome, load dispersed by pendentives and squinches |
|
|
Term
| Byzantine architecture can be credited with the invention of what two new structural techniques? |
|
Definition
| Pendentives and flying buttress |
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference between a Roman space and a Byzantine space: |
|
Definition
Byzantine- planned to be more spatially dynamic and complex
Roman- everything was simple and clearly articulated, repeated use of a structural model |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of a pendentive? |
|
Definition
| Transition between a circular dome sitting on a square body, disperse weight of dome |
|
|
Term
| Why did Byzantine churches employ gold leaf mosaics in their interiors? |
|
Definition
| To portray the realm of heaven, create "heaven on earth" |
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference between a Byzantine church's exterior and its interior. What was the reason for this difference? |
|
Definition
Exterior - kept minimal and plain
Interior - elaborate and rich, gold detailing
"earthly" exterior and "heavenly" interior, emphasizes difference between living in each |
|
|
Term
| Constantine built his new capital at __________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare the Basilica Ulpia to the design of old St. Peter’s Church: |
|
Definition
| Come in on the short side instead of the long side in St. Peter's, plan is rotated 90 degrees |
|
|
Term
| The primary difference between the design of the exterior of a Roman temple and that of a Byzantine church was: |
|
Definition
| They did not use Roman exterior veneer of marble, in order to heighten the contrast between the building's "earthly" exterior and "heavenly" interior |
|
|
Term
| The primary difference between the design of the interior of a Roman bath and that of a Byzantine church was: |
|
Definition
| The roman bath did not have a central axis like the church; baths had pilasters, churches didn't |
|
|
Term
| Which space has the larger dimension: the Pantheon or Hagia Sophia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why were Moslem architects able to build high profile domes while Byzantine builders were not? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Early Moslem architecture can be credited with what three architectural innovations? |
|
Definition
High Profile Dome
Pointed Arch
Squinch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A series of arches built upon one another to span the space between a circular dome and a square bay |
|
|
Term
| To span the space between a circular dome and a square bay, Moslem architects typically used a series of arches built upon one another. This device is known as a _____________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carolingian architecture refers to the buildings constructed during the reign of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ottonian architecture was primarily constructed in this country: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monumental, west-facing entrance of church, two stairtowers flank entrance |
|
|
Term
| Charlemagne’s palace was located in what city? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The entrance of most Ottonian churches was located on which (N/S/E/W) façade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A double apse (E and W) was a signature motif of (style)_____________ churches. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vikings that settled in NW France and later began crusading during which they were exposed to Byzantine Architecture. |
|
|
Term
| What two architectural innovations did the Normans bring back from their adventures in the Mediterranean? |
|
Definition
Pointed Arch
Flying Buttress |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a Roman groin vault and a Gothic groin vault? |
|
Definition
| Roman groin vaults had round arches, Gothic had pointed |
|
|
Term
| From a construction standpoint, what problem did the pointed arch solve in the design of a gothic vault? |
|
Definition
| Solved the problem of differential thrusts and crown heights |
|
|
Term
| The largest church built in Europe prior to 1500 was: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the four levels of the nave elevation in Cluny III, starting from the ground: |
|
Definition
| Side isle, gallery, clerestory, vault |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the resulting groin arch in a groin vault generated by the intersection of two semicircular barrel vaults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is a Lombard vault generated? |
|
Definition
| Wanted to increase height of vault, groin changed to circular profile |
|
|
Term
| Why were flying buttresses used in Gothic cathedrals? |
|
Definition
| They allowed for windows since the structure was now being supported by the buttresses, rather than something that would block windows |
|
|
Term
| Who is credited with the start of Gothic architecture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the first Gothic church? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the west front of St. Denis, name two features that were derived from St. Etienne in Caen, and one feature inspired by Cluny III: |
|
Definition
| Triparte of the westwerk and the tall towers; takes entry portal from Cluny III. |
|
|
Term
| What two Gothic churches in Paris did King Louis VII sponsor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formed by the extrusion of a single curve, simplest vault, arches placed side by side |
|
|
Term
| Define nave elevation: side aisle, triforium gallery, clerestory, vault |
|
Definition
side aisle- passageway on the side of the nave
triforium gallery- shallow arched gallery within the thickness of the inner wall
clerestory- walls that rise above the roofline and pierced with windows
vault- arched ceiling |
|
|
Term
| Define apse with radiating chapels |
|
Definition
| Apse is the semicircular recess housing altar, chapels can radiate tangentially from it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A transverse section which lies across the main body of the building, perpendicular to nave |
|
|
Term
| Define crossing tower/lantern |
|
Definition
crossing tower- tower above intersection of nave and the transept of the church
lantern- openwork construction placed on top of a building to admit light and allow smoke to escape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intersection of two or three barrel vaults, edged in decorative masonry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intersection at right angle of two barrel vaults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groin vault constructed with semicircular diagonals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rib vault divided into six bays by two diagonal ribs and three transverse ribs |
|
|
Term
| Define quadripartite vault |
|
Definition
| Rib vault divided into four bays by two diagonal and two transverse ribs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eastern end of church; structure consisting of apse, choir, and radiating chapels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arch with pointed apex, produces less thrust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Redirected lateral forces to ground; not in contact with wall like traditional buttress |
|
|
Term
| Define tripartite elevation: side aisle, triforium gallery, clerestory/vault |
|
Definition
| Reduced the zone that lies between the gallery, clerestory, and vault |
|
|
Term
| To what city and country was the papacy moved to from Rome during what was know as the “Babylonian captivity”? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is credited as being the “Father of the Renaissance?” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who coined the term “Gothic” as a pejorative description of everything made in the land north of the Alps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who were the Ghibellines and the Guelfs? |
|
Definition
Ghibellines- supported the holy roman emperor
Guelfs-supported the Pope |
|
|
Term
| Explain how Florence benefitted from the “Babylonian captivity” |
|
Definition
| Rome abandoned, so Florence became center of culture |
|
|
Term
| Explain how the final appearance of the Florence Cathedral is a manifestation of the battle between the Ghibellines and the Guelfs in Florence: |
|
Definition
| Cathedral started under Ghibelline control and uses pointed arches, later work done under Guelf control uses Italian round arch |
|
|
Term
| What was the significant difference in the final plan of the Florence Cathedral from the typical plan of a Gothic church? |
|
Definition
| The altar was under the large dome, whereas the altar is usually on the end of the nave in a gothic church |
|
|
Term
| Who won the competition for the design of the doors for the Florence Baptistry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who won the competition for the design of the dome for the Florence cathedral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the structural difference between a Roman and a Renaissance dome: |
|
Definition
| Roman needs tension bands, renaissance had a double layered dome to hide the inner support system |
|
|
Term
| What was the Roman solution to the thrust of a dome’s haunches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare the scale of the Florence dome to the Pantheon, Hagia Sophia, and Beauvais Cathedral: |
|
Definition
| Twice as tall as pantheon, taller than beauvais cathedral without adding the dome, about same heigh as hagia sophia without adding the dome |
|
|
Term
| List three advantages gained in the Florence Cathedral by giving the dome a quinto acuto profile: |
|
Definition
1. Less thrust
2. Less scaffolding
3. Taller vertical form |
|
|
Term
| Who developed the first treatise on perspective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only Classical treatise on architecture recovered during the Renaissance was written by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you remember nothing else from Vitruvius, you must know these three words that are etched in architectural history: |
|
Definition
| Commodity, Firmness, Delight |
|
|
Term
| Who is generally regarded as the first Architectural theorist? What is the name of his publication? |
|
Definition
| Alberti, "On the Art of Building" |
|
|
Term
| Whose design was first accepted for the new St. Peter’s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What significant difference in his design of St. Peter’s did Bramante propose? |
|
Definition
| Dome supported by four large piers rather than continuous wall |
|
|
Term
| How did Pope Leo X propose to pay for the construction of the new St. Peter’s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What event marked the end of the Italian Architectural Renaissance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered to be the start of the Counter-Reformation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three requirements did the Council of Trent establish for Counter-Reformation art? |
|
Definition
| Clarity and simplicity, realistic portrayal, emotion |
|
|
Term
| The first scientist to investigate the structural properties of materials was: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Baroque Architecture Classical? |
|
Definition
| No, it is in ornament but not in concept. |
|
|
Term
| The founder of English empiricism was: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| means "blank slate" in Latin, reaction to excessive decoration of Rococco, Laufier's primitive hut |
|
|
Term
| The founder of French Rationalism was: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a Cartesian grid? |
|
Definition
| Grid where the units are squares (or cubes) |
|
|
Term
| The architect responsible for bringing Renaissance architecture to England was: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The architect of St. Paul’s Cathedral was: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Wren’s unique structural solution for the dome of St. Paul’s: |
|
Definition
| Peristyle buttresses both the inner dome and the brick cone which rises internally to support the lantern. |
|
|
Term
| “I think, therefore, I am” is a quote from: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The best example of Louis XIV architectural style prior to Versailles was: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Was the architecture of Louis XIV Baroque? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under what monarch was engineering first separated from architecture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two kinds of beauty did Perrault make a case for in the Ordonnance of 1683? Give an example of each: |
|
Definition
Positive- objective, example: geometry and proportions
Arbitraty- subjective, example: current fashion or trends |
|
|
Term
___________________ was the first architectural theorist to discover and write that there was not a fixed
set of proportions in the Classical orders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first school founded for the formal education of civil engineers was located in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Italian Baroque and French Baroque architecture? |
|
Definition
| French version of Baroque was much less dynamic and ornamented than its Italian sister, French wanted something more timeless |
|
|
Term
| Why did Lodoli condemn Greek architecture? |
|
Definition
| It copied the honest wood detailing of the doric column into an illogical stone translation |
|
|
Term
| The first Italian architect in the 1700s to express an interest in Gothic architecture was: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The first Italian architect to express the ideas of structural rationalism was _______________.
His most famous student was _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two relatively new architectural ideas did Piranesi express in the Carceri etchings? |
|
Definition
| Lack of classical ornament and infinity of space |
|
|
Term
| ____________________ was one of the early French architects to have an interest in Gothic architecture. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the three faults Laugier saw in French architecture of his time: |
|
Definition
1. Pilasters
2. Engaged columns
3. Columns on bases |
|
|
Term
| The mid-eighteenth century architectural theoretician who related the evolution of classical architecture back to the idea of a "Primitive Hut" was: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The "primitive hut" was invoked by ____________________ as the ultimate model for architects to emulate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first building to have the new scientific approach to structure applied to it was: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first building to employ Euler’s new theory of column buckling was: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The founder of the English Garden movement is usually considered to be: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List two aspects of the English picturesque garden that were early breaks with Classicism: |
|
Definition
| asymmetry and glass & iron architecture (greenhousees) |
|
|
Term
| Name two of England's early picturesque Landscape Architects and a technique/detail for which they were famous: |
|
Definition
Bridgeman- kept original symmetry of garden but added own asymmetry through winding paths
Kent- set up narrative/sequence of follies, choreographed your movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| negative fence, trench, no walls, allows for clear view of horizon |
|
|
Term
| What was the nickname of Landscape architect Lancelot Brown? Why did he have this name? |
|
Definition
| "Capability," would tell every client their estate had great capabilities, flattery so he'd get the job |
|
|
Term
| What was the nationalist reason for Great Britain to assume Gothic over Neoclassical Architecture in the first half of the 19th Century? |
|
Definition
| originated in Northern Europe unlike classical, thought to be "real" English architecture before the invasion |
|
|
Term
| Two ideas that became associated with the first period of the Gothic Revival in England were: |
|
Definition
| melancholy and medievalism |
|
|
Term
| The ___________________ was the principle building type that launched the first or picturesque phase of the Gothic Revival. List two good examples of this phase of Gothic Revival: |
|
Definition
| Manor/Estate house, Strawberry Hill and Fonthill Abbey |
|
|
Term
| List the two most important Gothic Revival buildings constructed prior to 1812: |
|
Definition
| Strawberry Hill and Fonthill Abbey |
|
|
Term
| Who was responsible for the initial development of cast iron in England? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first large clear span structure to use cast iron as the primary structural material was? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What business forced the introduction of cast iron structures in building construction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the effect on architecture of the British victory in the Battle of Trafalgar? |
|
Definition
| Able to further develop iron and glass |
|
|
Term
| Sketch the typical cast iron structure of an early Industrial Revolution multistory factory in England as it would have been constructed in 1800, showing columns, beams, and floors: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rickman and Cragg were known for their prefabricated cast iron ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Royal Pavilion at Brighton was designed by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An early example of glass’ ability to “break the box” of the traditional rectangular room was articulated by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Remarks on Hot Houses," was written by: |
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Definition
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| In 1817, the potential for iron to evolve a new architectural style devoid of Greek or Gothic ornament was first articulated by: |
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Term
| The Great Conservatory at Chatsworth was designed by: |
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Definition
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Term
| The greenhouse in the Royal Gardens at Kew was designed by: |
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Definition
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Term
| List two advantages that a Parisian arcade had over a street front shop: |
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Definition
| Covering overhead, controlled environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Someone who goes strolling |
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Term
| The second Jardin d' Hiver was designed by: |
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Definition
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Term
| The final design of Les Halles was produced by: |
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Definition
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Term
| Give two aspects of the early Industrial Revolution in Great Britain that brought out the reform movement in design: |
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Definition
Loss in craft/technique/quality
Cheap replication of ornament=loss of association with power |
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Term
| Who was the first British architect to use the new theory of the zeitgeist in challenging his peers to improve British architecture in 1835? |
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Definition
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Term
| The German term for the "spirit of the times" is: |
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Definition
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| Who was the first British architect to call for a new style of architecture appropriate to the 19th Century? |
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| Owen Jones’ first book, which documented the Islamic tradition of ornament, was a study of the ______________. |
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Definition
| Alhambra in Grenada, Spain |
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Term
| ___________________ was the first to propose to Prince Albert the idea for the Crystal Palace. |
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Definition
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| ___________________ was the designer in control of the color scheme of the Crystal Palace. |
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Definition
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Term
| How the glass roof in the Crystal Palace protected from the heat of the sun? |
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Definition
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Term
| How was the South Kensington School of Design originally funded? |
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Definition
| With profits made from the international exhibition of 1851 in the crystal palace |
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Term
| The Grammar of Ornament was authored by: |
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Definition
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Term
| Define what Owen Jones meant by “repose.” |
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Definition
| Want of nothing, design is complete |
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| Owen Jones had an important influence in the architecture of the late nineteenth century by promoting what two sources for the development of new ornamental systems? |
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Definition
| Zeitgeist and regionalism |
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Term
| The author of "Contrasts" was: |
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Definition
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| What was the one major difference between the ideas of Jones and those of Pugin? |
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Definition
Pugin- material, structural honesty, gothic revival
Jones- wanted new style |
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Term
| Who were the two architects responsible for the reconstruction of the Houses of Parliament in 1836? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did the guidelines for the Houses of Parliament competition strictly state the style to be used was either Gothic or Elizabethan? |
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Definition
| French were using classical, British wanted to use opposite style |
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Term
| The L-shaped floor plan favored by Arts and Crafts designers was first championed by the theorist ______________ , as a critique of the symmetrical plans by __________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________________ , along with Thomas Carlyle, did more than anyone else to shape the culture of Victorian Britain. |
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Definition
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Term
| The two books written by John Ruskin that pertain to architectural theory are: |
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Definition
The Seven Lamps of Architecture
The Stones of Venice |
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Term
| The "Red House," symbol of the beginning of the Arts and Crafts movement in England was designed by which architect? |
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Definition
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Term
| The movement in painting which influenced William Morris that was the parallel of the Gothic Revival in architecture was: |
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Definition
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Term
What was the configuration of the floor plan in a typical Arts and Crafts house?
Why was this configuration used? |
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Definition
| L-shaped, rejection of Palladio's symmetry and it was easy to add onto in the future |
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Term
| The first American structure to be erected with an iron frame that also supported its masonry envelope was: |
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Definition
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Term
| The cast iron-fronted building in America is generally regarded as the invention of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Bogardus' proposed design for the 1853 New York World's Fair: |
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Definition
| 350 foot tower version of crystal palace, cast iron front surrounding sheet metal ceiling |
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Term
| Describe the construction system Bogardus used in the McCollough Shot Tower: |
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Definition
| Iron frame from lighthouses, 12 inch brick walls |
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Term
| Bogardusʼ s primary competitor in the New York City market was: |
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Definition
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Term
| The inventor of the American iron skeleton frame was: |
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Definition
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Term
| The first city in the U. S. where cast iron was used to any great degree was: |
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Definition
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Term
| Briefly discuss the major difference between the theories of Pugin, Ruskin, and Violet-le-duc, as they apply to their view of Gothic architecture: |
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Definition
Pugin: gothic from spiritual standpoint, societal improvement
Ruskin: moral interest, handmade ornament, human passion
Violet-le-duc: overall cohesion, structural rationalism |
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Term
| What was the effect on architecture of the Franco-Prussian War? |
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Definition
| Because of the war France didn't build the first skyscraper, instead America did |
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Term
| The name given the style of architecture constructed during the reign of Napoleon III is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Napoleon III appointed ____________________ as Prefect of the Seine, who was responsible for the urban renovation of Paris in the mid-19th century. |
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Definition
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Term
| List three laws that controlled the design of buildings in Haussmann's Paris: |
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Definition
1. Consistent cornice and floor height
2. Required use of quarry stone
3. 45 degree sloped roof |
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Term
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Definition
| Les Grand Halles, Baltard |
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Term
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Definition
| Les Grand Halles, Baltard |
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Term
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Definition
| Bibliothèque Ste. Geneviève, Labrouste |
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Term
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Definition
| Bibliothèque Ste. Geneviève, Labrouste |
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Term
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Definition
| Red House, Webb and Morris |
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Term
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Definition
| Red House Ground Floor Plan, Webb and Morris |
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Term
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Definition
| Red House Salon, Webb and Morris |
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Definition
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Definition
| "Rurisville" (schematic garden city), Howard |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Egypt
Greek
Hellenistic
Roman republic
Roman empire
Early christian
Byzantine
Carolingian
Romanesque
Gothic
Reniassance
Baroque
Roccoco |
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