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| European country where trade first began to revive |
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| Demand developed in Europe for luxury goods from this region |
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| The first large trading centers of the Middle Ages developed at these locations |
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| Sea that connected western Europe with the Near East |
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| New class of people who provided financial services |
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| Associations of merchants and artisans |
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| Epidemic that swept through Europe in the 1300s |
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| the Black Death (bubonic plague) |
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| Important Italian trading port on the Adriatic |
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| Important trading center on the Black Sea |
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| Type of trading route that connected northern Italy with northern Europe |
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| Events that stimulated demand for Eastern goods |
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| People who determined the value of coins from different regions |
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| New settlements that grew up at locations important for trade |
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| System that town dwellers did not fit into |
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| Person in trading for a trade |
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| Skilled worker who worked for a master for daily wages |
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| New class made up of merchants, master craftsmen, and skilled workers |
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| Living conditions in medieval towns |
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| crowded and/or unsanitary |
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| Area on the northwest coast of Europe that became the earliest Atlantic trading center |
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| Product of Flanders in great demand throughout Europe |
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| Language of scholars and clergy |
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| Popular poet who wrote one of the first books in English |
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| Chaucer's series of stories written in English |
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| Guilds of teachers and students |
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| Legendary king, subject of a popular English national epic |
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| Languages of the common people |
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| the vernacular (English, Italian, French, German, Spanish) |
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| miracle (or mystery) plays |
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| Famed poet who wrote in Italian |
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| Dante's greatest work, a poem in Italian |
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| Attempt to change base metals to gold; forerunner of the science of chemistry |
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| Style of church architecture using round arches, domes, thick walls, and small windows |
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| Style of church architecture w/ pointed arches, high spires, and large stained-glass windows |
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| Rows of supporting ribs outside the walls of Gothic churches |
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| Site of great universities that specialized in theology and the liberal arts |
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| Attempt of medieval scholars to reconcile faith and reason |
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| Medieval scholar who taught in Paris and stressed reason |
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| Dominican scholar-monk who stressed both faith and reason |
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| French national epic about a brave member of Charlemagne's army |
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| Hero who starred in the German epic the Nibelungenlied |
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| Site of great university that specialized in law |
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| Site of great university that specialized in medicine |
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| Political subdivisions of France |
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| Assembly of French nobles, clergy, and townspeople that advised the king |
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| Long war between England and France that began in 1337 |
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| New weapon used by English archers against the French |
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| New weapon that made castles obsolete for defense |
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| French heroine of the Hundred Years' War |
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| French king chosen by an assembly of nobles in 987 |
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| Line of French kings established by Hugh Capet |
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| King who took back much French land from the English |
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| Philip Augustus (Philip II) |
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| French king who formed the Estates-General and collected taxes regularly |
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| French king known for honesty, just dealings, and support of the Church |
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| Large new state that consisted of Germany and northern Italy |
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| Powerful German ruler who became king in 936 and seized territory in northern Italy |
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| King of Germany who disobeyed the pope and continued to appoint bishops |
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| German emperor defeated by the Italian city-states in 1176 |
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| Frederick I, "Barbarossa" |
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| German emperor who was mostly interested in Italy |
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| Important battles in which the English defeated the French during their century-long war |
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| Crecy, Agincourt, or Poitiers |
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| French king who owed his crown to Joan of Arc |
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| League of Italian city-states formed to fight the Germans |
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| Duke of Normandy who became king of England |
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| Battle in which the French forces defeated the English in 1066 |
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| Term for the people who took over England in 1066 |
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| Language brought to England by the conquerors of 1066 |
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| Nickname for the crusading King Richard I |
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| Population survey ordered by William the Conqueror |
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| Clergyman who opposed King Henry II's plan to subject Church officals to royal control |
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| Thomas a Becket (the Archbishop of Canterbury) |
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| Traveling judges who brought the king's law to all parts of England |
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| circuit (or royal) judges |
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| King who caused a revolt among the nobles |
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| Document that lessened the king's power and strengthened nobles' rights |
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| Representative body that included members of the middle class as well as nobles and clergy |
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| Upper house of Parliament, for nobles and bishops |
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| Lower house of Parliament, for knights and townspeople |
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| Groups that presented judges with names of people suspected of crimes |
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| English king defeated by William the Conqueror |
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| Book that recorded results of the population survey |
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| King who wanted Church officials to be tried in royal, not Church, courts |
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| Body of important clergy and nobles that advised the king |
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| Law based on judges' decisions rather than statutes |
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