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November 1884-February 1885- Organized by Otto Von Bismark- Chencellor of Germany- Partitioned Africa into its 52 states. Resolved & agreed that each colonizing country must: Effectively occupy the territory it has taken, end slave trade and slavery in the territory colonized, and recognize the main rivers (Niger, Nile, Congo) as international waters |
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| American Colonization Society |
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US organization that transported freed slaves from the US to Liberia. 1823 Founded Liberia 1847 Gave Liberia Independence 1862 Refused to recognise independence |
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| The Battle of Adowa occured on march 1st 1896, when Menelick II beat Italy. No other African country had beaten a colonial power and it made Ethiopia the symbol for African Nationalism |
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| Practiced by the French. The goal was to assimilate African countries into France creating a french society abroad. Created schools and infrastructure. often in namesake only. |
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| the 1st African to become a sengalese representative in the Paris Assmebly or parliament. Elected in 1914, liked the socialists. |
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Reason to be Often the reason to be in africa was to extract the wealth into other parts of the world (Europe) |
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| Concept of forced labor in Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Angola |
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Colonies in which settlers came to live- South Africa, Algeria, Kenya, Mozambique, Senegal |
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| People revert back to the Dark Past |
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March 21 1960. Near a police station, people were demostrating against the pass laws in South Africa. Police opened fire killing 69, wounding 181-200. Firing into a fleeing crowd. In reaction Mandella switched from Nonviolence to violence. |
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Began with the battle of Adowa in 1896 when the Ethiopians defeated the Italians. 1935 Italy invaded, Showing weakness of the league of nations & the inability to prevent war. League actually prevented fair fight as prevented Ethiopia buying weapons, while Italy could continue producing their own. Reasons for War- 1. Italian Imperialism 2. Weakness of the League of nations 3 1896 Loss at Adowa |
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1937- 10k-30k Ethiopians were massacred Killing surrendering people Giving gifts to the poor, someone through a granade, the response of the Italians was to kill the crowd |
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Ethiopia/Italy war 12/19/1934 Wal Wal episode was when some Italian Troops crossed the border & attacked. Ethiopians beat them and returned them. Italy demaded reparations. |
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| Government based on steeling |
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Originally conceved by Sylvester Williams, made more popular by marcus Garvey and Du Bois. The idea was a unified africa and diaspora |
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| held meatings in 1919, 1921, 1923, 1927, and 1945 to work to bring Africa together and discuss topics of Pan Africanism |
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| System in place during Apatheid, moved workers arround, keep them busy, one year working, then move them back to the tribal reserves. Not so nice, created massive low level labour supply. Created a need for the Pass Cards |
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| Technically Separateness or Appartness, system of White Oppression of Blacks in South Africa. Claimed to be Anti- Communist |
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| Allotted Africans 7% of the land, 93% was for the whites |
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| Technically allotted Africans an additional 6% of land, but only 4.7% was given. This was in addition to the 7% from the natives Land Act of 1913. |
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| Dutch Founder of South Africa (Cape province) 1652 creating armed struggles |
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| Farmers- the whire tribe of south Africa |
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| Provinces of South Africa |
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Cape Province- Brittish natal Province -British orange free state- Dutch Transvaal- Dutch |
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| mandella's violent movement after Sharpeville |
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| A whip made of Rhino Tails for beating people in South Africa durring Apartheid |
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| Supported Apparteid until 1986. Gave Christian backing to racist ideas. |
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| Soweto Students Rebellion |
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| June 1976- Protest the learning of Afrikanns, childrens rejection. They wanted to continue in their local (bantu) dialect. the uprising was violently crushed. |
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| Boer Pioneer who participared in great trek inland in 1836-54 |
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Came up with many of Garvey;s ideas before Garvey. Editted a newspaper entitled "the bleeding heart of Africa" |
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| Truth and Reconciliation Commition |
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1995-1998, looked at apparteid, Archbishop Desmond TUTU lead it Tell the whole truth & you can get away with it. No punishment for the crimes |
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1887-1940 From Jamaica Deported from US in 1927 by Coolidge Believed in Africa for the Africans Unity of the continent- wanted europe out, Pan Africanist, United States of Africa (USA) Diaspora Connection- close connection with continent, opposing colonialism- whites can be naturalized |
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| Suppression of Communism Act |
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South Africa 1950- Anyone opposing Appartheid would be a communist & punnished as such. |
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King of Ethiopia 1916-1935, ran away when invaded Spoke for African rights while gone Came back with the Brittish durring WWII to reclaim his lands |
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| Constructive Engagement/Comprehensive Anti-Appartheid Bill |
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Reagan plan for South Africa. Reason Reagan vetoed the Comprehensive Anti-Appartheid bill 1986. The Bill was overruled by congress |
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Unilateral Declaration of Independence- Declare independence from europe for whites in Southern Rhodesia. Lead by Jan Smith |
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1935, partisian Ethiopia to make Mussolini Happy. Both Brittain and France put it together allowing Italian colonization of Ethiopia |
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Islam Arabic Pan African Non-Alignment |
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1955, African Asian unity Non Alignment, oppose imperialism from Russia and US, promote economic interests of nations involved |
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Insurgency in Kenya from 1953-1960 Anticolonial guerrilla movement did not lead to revolution, but revolution occured three years later in 1963 Promoted Swahili |
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Why was Ghana the 1st to revolt? |
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White man's grave- Malaria was spread through the Mosquito There was a large infrastructure already in place largely because whites wouldn't live there because of the mosquito There was an educational system already in place |
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Unilateral Declaration of Independence Rhodesia, november 11 1965, Lead by Ian Smith who wanted to create an Apparteid in Rhodesia, wasn't so popular in Rhodesia |
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State is subjected Independence for show, Politics and economy would still be outwardly controlled |
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| The Organization of African Unity |
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May 25 1963 War replaced by the African Union in 2002. Ensure All Africans enjoy human rights Raise the standard of living for Africans Provide a diplomatic arena for settling Africa/Africa disputes, avoid war |
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| Leader of Liberation Movement in Guine Bissou and Cape Verde in 1973 |
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| Lead the African National Congress while Mandella was in prison 1962-1990 |
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1st president of Cote D'Ivoir Lead from 1960-1993 Elected to French Parliament b4 from 1957-61 |
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| 1972, Portugese massacred villiagers in the city of Wiryamu and denied it |
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President for life in Zimbabwe, current dictator bad |
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Kwame Nkruma and the decolonization of the Gold Coast (renamed Ghana in 1957) 1. He studied in the US at Lincoln University in PA in 1935. Earned a Masters from Penn, left for 5th Pan African Congress in Manchester England with George Padmore. 2. At the invitation of JB Danqua & the Unite4d Gold Coast confederation (UGCC) returned to Ghana in 1947. In 1949 he resigned from the position of General Secretary of the UGCC and formed his own party called CONVENTION PEOPLES PARTY (CPP) 3. CPP lead the Gold Coast to independence on march 6th 1957 and Kwame Nkrumah became the 1st PM and later the president of Independent Ghana. 4. He was overthrown in a coup d'etat in february 1966 while he was in Asia working in the Vietnam peace process Nkrumah greatly influenced by Marcus Garvey and his writings was a Pan Africanist and he believed in the unification of the African Continent and aspired to the creation of the US of Africa, he was called a continentalist His downfall as leader of Independent Ghana derived from his dictatorial and socialist tendencies from alienationg himself |
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1st president of Senegal, semblance of linking French colonies. Voluntarally gave up power in 1981 |
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