Term
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Definition
Movement had its peak in 1960s to mid 1970s
Harder for younger generations to appreciate, more mature minds can embrace it
"free Jazz"- without limit, more of a specific type of music
this term literally means "before or ahead", new thing-"get ahead of your peers"=snobbiness & egotism
"free jazz" is specfically is a subset of avant-garde improv that is not tied to a traditonal chord progression
- can sometimes have a spontaneously generated chord progression or no chord progression at all
- tempo can be free or there maybe no discernable beat at all
- traditional melodies are rare
- disregarding the notion of chord progression all together not something that is cyclical
- often involves collective improvisation: more than one musician improvising at one time. haven't heard this since early jazz period in New Orleans, but did so under certain guidelines or rules/roles; but now have potentially the entire band going at it limitlessly reacting to what they hear or trying to get other musicians to follow them, trying to make music without parameters
- basic premise behind free jazz is that sonic textures are more important than melodies
- sonic texture: tone colors (darker or warmer sounds, more edge or richness) are blended like mixing trumpet with piano blending their sounds
- musicans are trying to find new ways to reach the audience , motived by sonic tetxure
- drummers arent time keepers, play melodies
- not mainstream jazz, only 3% of total
- critized b/c it is believd that these free jazz musicans arent as skilled, it is like they coped out for easier jazz, they play free b/c they arent able to change the chords skillfully
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Term
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Definition
alto sax
composer & band leader
one of the most influential of avant-garde
as significant as Charlie Parker was to Bebop
considered to be one of the most prolific post bop composers |
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Definition
trumpet(pocket trumpet)
composer & band leader
sideman w/ Ornette Coleman
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Definition
pianist
composer & band leader
alternative, wild & turbulent sound
employs syncopation, away from Swing pianists |
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Definition
tenor sax
composer
vocalist
had some influence on John Coltrane
use entire range of tenor
usual high pitch if tenor alticimo, was one of the first to play this tone |
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Definition
Bass-virtualotist
composer & band leader
one of the most active
avant-garde but not free jazz
very vocal in Civil Rights Movement= music protests to social injustice, outspoken
combined improv with combo while creatively altering accompainment
- arrangement was open, he would have 3/4 backgrounds and then just point to one of those to play
- doesnt decide ahead of time
- arrangement was on the spot
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Term
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Definition
alto sax
unusual virtualoso
development years was Bebop
composer, similar to Monk=off center thinking |
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Definition
tenor sax
circular breathing, created constant air stream=breathing in while blowing out |
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Term
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Definition
electric keyboard (pianist)
lead a Charles Mingus-sized-big-band
incorporated World Music elements (African percussion)
Duke Ellington writing
collective improv=more than one musican improv at the same time
Chicago based
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Term
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Definition
Association Advancement of Creative Musicians
"artist incubation"
moved-not in one location
meeting place
Chicago
Founded by Muhal Richard Abrams (composer)
best received band under AACM "Art Ensemble of Chicago"
- popular
- Lester Bowie=a co leader & trumpet player
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Definition
"free" improv
classical ensemble=instruments were classical (2 alto, 1 tenor, 1 barotone)
no saprano which was usual
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Term
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Definition
1st generartion pianist
composer & band leader
part of Miles Davis Classic Quintet (Kind of Blue)
most influential since Bud Powell
somewhat Cool, own original style
"chord voicings" & modal harmony
approach to harmony different (selection of notes)
- selection of notes (4th interval)
- usuallly play interval of 3, meaning distance of 3 keys
- he played the 4th interval, which is more modern sound
influential & unique piano trio
- Bass=Scott LaFaro (great agility on the instrument, no physical challenges for him)
- Drums=Paul Motian
- Piano=Bill
- played different, rare sounds
- "Solar" played in class
Bill adapted rich, classical harmonies (French composer influence)=chords had 6-7 diff notes
big influence on other pianists
influenced by Art Tatum & Bud Powell |
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Term
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Definition
Post Bop pianist-1st generation
John Coltrane's quartet
composer, band leader
major influence Bud Powell
Benny Golson's Jazztet co-lead with Art Farmer-began as their pianist, then joined Coltrane
A-toner sound
left Coltrane b/c felt drowned out by percussion
hard accent w/ left hand
"Passion Dance"-song w/ Elvin Jones (Coltrane's quartet) |
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Term
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Definition
Post Bop pianist-1st generation
ocassional composer
band leader
piantist have cited him for using "space (silence, lack of playing, no notes played, break in notes, etc.)
unique extended, multi-tonal music (implies elements of being in more than one key)
extended vamp (short, repeated pattern)
influence on the freahness of jazz
"Poinciana"-song |
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Term
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Definition
Post Bop pianist-1st generation
Composer, band leader
First w/ Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers
then, Art Farmer's Jazztet w/ Benny Golson
sideman for Coltrane's "Giant Steps"
led "Eastern Rebellion"
improvization like Horace Silver (shorter, catchy phrase)
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Term
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Definition
Bebop & onward
the change in thinking
approach to improv based on harmonies
Harrison's definition: is Post-Bebop |
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Term
| 1st generation Post Bop pianists |
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Definition
Bill Evans
McCoy Tyner
Ahmad Jamal
Cedar Walton |
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Term
| 2nd generation Post Bop pianists |
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Definition
10 years younger than other 4
Bill Evans inspired
sideman w/ Miles Davis
chord construction
Herbie Hancock, Keith Jarrett, Chick Corea |
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Term
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Definition
Post-Bop pianist-2nd generation
electric piano (keyboard)
composer, band leader
synthisizer
over-dubbing (two layers of music)
@ age 11, classical piano Chicago symphany (child prodegy)
Miles Davis 2nd famous Quintet
refined Bill Evan's style & other pianists (Duke Ellington, Oscar Peterson, George Shearing, Winton Kelly)=he transrcibed their solos by taking what they improvized music to learn how to play and imitate them
"Dolphin Dance" -Maiden Voyage
Led "Head Hunters" which had a huge commerical success ="Chameleon"
highly in demand gig-man (sideman)
Only Grammy Winner-The Album of the Year: "The River"
"Tell Me a Bedtime Story"
"The Rocket" song=break dancers
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Term
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Definition
Post-Bop pianist, 2nd generation
electric keyboard
composer, band leader
hearily influenced by Bill Evans, Horace Silver, Thelonious Monk, Bud Powell
classically trained pianist
"crisp" playing=tended to play short notes
Spanish themes & Latin-American rhythms
slight
- popularized the use of 4ths interval (skip two keys inn b/w chords, more spread out=Modern Sound)
- Bill Evans started this trype of playing
'Spain"-song
"Senor Mouse"-song on Crystal Silence album (w/ vibraphonist Gary Burton, no drums/bass)
"Return to Forver"-led this fusion band (usually fusion is jazz w/funk & rock but this was with Latin American & Spanish)= Chick Corea Electric Band
Chick Corea Acoustic Band="La Vista"
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Term
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Definition
Post-Bop pianist-2nd generation
composer, band leader
doesn't use much electric piano
child prodegy, Art Blake's Jazz Messengers
Arnold Coleman-inspired him (trumpet)
long, windy phrases
most original pianist, composer of 1970s
combined Jazz & funk
one of the most successful solo concert pianists in jazz history(may be the only solo pianist in concert stage)
led Quartet
- combined influence of Bill Evans & Arnold Coleman
- blend country world music elements
- "Autumn Leaves" ->piano trio (piano, bass, and drums)
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Term
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Definition
jazz/rock fusion
blending of jazz(instrumental) w/ rock & funk (vocal)
jazz improv transported into another medium
dominant in 1970s
primary differences:
- phrase lengths (jazz=longer w/4 or 8 bar, rock/funk=short w/ 2 bar)
- frequency of chord changes harmonic progression, jazz=faster
- melody complexity, jazz=more complex, rock/funk=catchy, melodies
- harmony complexity, jazz=complex chords
- amt of improv, jazz more emphasis on improv
- reptition of melodic phrases, short chord progression,drum patterns, & bass lines (rock/funk=more)
Roots of Fusion:
- improv style of John Cotrane & McCoy Tyner
- accompanying patterns of Pop & RnB bands (rhythm section)
- songs based on vamps (short repeated patterns)
- popularity of electric bass, guitar, keyboard (1st bass making company=Fender)
- additon of auxiliary percussion instruments
Artisits: Miles, Herbie Hancock, Larry Coryell (guitar), Gary Burton (vibraphone)
guitar took leading role in fusion b/c in rock guitar is essential
tone-change, new sound |
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Term
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Definition
guitar
"Mahavishnu"
one of the most prominent since Wes Montgomery
phrase-changed (played long)
solo playing, change in jazz
breath-like phrases
change guitar approach to improv
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Term
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Definition
guitar
fusion (blend w/rock,blues, country=Texas)
style (showed same amt of proficiency in jazz & rock |
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Term
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Definition
guitar
one of biggest name in 1970-80s
1st recording as Gary Burton's sideman
infleunced jazz guitarists
first to incorporate electronic elements in his signature sound
effect sound of guitar: fuzzy sound, wahh wahh, chorus->constantly used thing
His chorus sound was extremely popular (chorus=digital copy made of note, played it out of tune, so two notes played. mimic like having 2 players even though just 1)
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Term
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Definition
electric Bass
most influential in making this popular in Jazz |
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Term
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Definition
guitar
member of the David Letterman Band
featured sideman with a lot of high-profiled artists
majority of his recordings were as a sideman:
Miles Davis
Gil Evans
Marcus Miller
David Sanborn
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Term
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Definition
guitar
recorded with:
Miles Davis
Joe Henderson
Charles Mingus
Herbie Hancock
Pat Metheny
has a lot of musical depth/breadth: equally skilled in playing bop and fusion/funk/blues/soul
high in demand as studio musician
mainstream jazz w/ fusion-tinge
"Resolution"
Bass Desires-Band (traditional=2 guitar, 1 bass)
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Term
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Definition
guitar
career as a sideman: spent a large part of his career as a sideman-- shouldn't be interpreted as a lack of ability, says they are so versatile and in-demand that they are constantly being called upon by other musicians to play with them
Miles
Joe Henderson
Michael Brecker
Jaco Pastorius
Blood Sweat & Tears
greater recorded output as a leader than Hiram Bullock
5-time grammy nominee
jazz and jazz fusion musician of his time: dual career paths
known for being able to blend bebop with rock (such depth of understanding of various styles of music)
"Good bye Again"=fusion, david sandstone on sax
"Moment's Notice"
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Term
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Definition
pianist, composer, bandleader.
First rose to recognition as a sideman with Cannonball Adderley (from 1961-1970).
Composed all of the music on Miles Davis album "In a silent way" (his first full blown electric album, also featured John McLaughlin)
- we don't really consider him as an official sideman with Miles Davis because he wasn't in the touring band. He had a studio association with Miles Davis (played some electronics on recordings and composed tunes)
- co-founded Weather Report with saxophonist Wayne Shorter (who was part of Miles' 2nd great quintet) and Miroslav Vitous
- one of the proponents of electric keyboards, along with Herbie Hancock and Chick Corea (the main 3 who helped it become an accepted sound in jazz)
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Term
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Definition
(jazz, rock, funk and fusion band):
one of the most influential fusion bands of the 1970s and early 1980s
- ironically Joe Zawinul stated in Downbeat that he didn't understand what the term fusion meant. As bandleader they probably wanted to encompass several different interests/influences of theirs and assemble a band that could incorporate all of them
- Zawinul and Shorter met in 1959 when they were both sidemen with Maynard Ferguson's big band (Ferguson was a trumpeter who started out in the Stan Kenton band). Zawinul went on to play with Cannonball and Shorter went on to play with Miles Davis. They both made significant names for themselves as jazz composers. Joe Zawinul later joined up again with Shorter to do some of the recordings with Miles Davis.
- the way jazz press often assumed Weather Report was a Miles Davis clone band because Zawinul and Shorter were both associated with Miles Davis.
- music they played covered a broad range of styles: jazz, latin jazz, ethnic music (of different countries/cultures), funk, rock, R&B
- utilized collective improvisation and showed some similarities to avante garde
- non traditional instrument roles, particularly with the rhythm section: didn't use the rhythm section as traditional time keepers. Sometimes had bass player play the melody while Zawinul played low notes on the synthesizer. The drums were often used as a color-producing instrument.
- early period is more consistent with free jazz/ avante garde (listened to Suru Cucu, notice unconventional instrument roles and collective improvisation)
- went through a transformation around 1976 when Miroslav Vitous new bass player Jaco Pastorius (1951-1987)came in.
- Jaco played electric bass and fretless electric bass (which is the same finger board that an upright bass would have. there's more of a challenge to play the bass in tune) but not acoustic bass. Playing fretless gave him a warmer, richer sound but made playing electric bass exponentially more difficult-- required him to place his fingers in exactly the right spot for perfect intonation. Jaco was considered the first virtuoso (fretless or no) on the electric bass. Influenced Marcus Miller, Stanley Clark, Victor Wooten
listened to "Birdland", notice Jaco plays melody and Zawinul plays low notes on the synthesizer
interestingly, Weather Report never had a guitar player
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Term
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Definition
Trends that emerged in 80s and 90s that are jazz derivatives
New age music: creation of 1980s still present today, not enjoying anywhere near popularity of 80s and 90s
Hybrid of jazz and classical (may be considered another fusion, just given another title) with some pop and rock influence
Primarily a background type of music, does not have hard edge that fusion has
Kind of music that you can work to or might hear when you are sitting in doctors or dentists office; hip form elevator music
Inimalist classical influence: branch of classical music associated with 3 composers [Steve Wrike, Phillip glass, John Adams]; slowly evolving textures, no abrupt changes in harmony or notes
Piano dominated; sometimes resembled concert music of pianist Keith Jerret (most successful concert solo jazz pianist)
Played in class: "Mountain Dance" Dave Grusend; Soprano Sax, bass, percussion (tabla-Indian origin)
Key payers in forefront of New Age
George Winston
Paul Winter Consort
Yonnie
Oregon: played in class :Soprano Sax, bass, coronet, percussion (tabla-Indian origin) |
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Term
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Definition
1980s to present thought hinted at years earlier decade and a half earlier
Background type of music
Sonically similar to new age but has much more active drums and bass; more prominent groove
Highly commercial genre; record labels drove popularity-record labels often dictated lyrics and material recorded
Wes Montgomery 1965 jazz standard "Here's That Rainy Day" foreshadows smooth jazz
1970s forerunners: Grover Washington (sax), George Bensen (guitar & vocal), Earl Klugh (guitar), Bob James (keyboard)
Popular radio adult radio format of 1990s (age 35 and up)
Forced mainstream jazz off commercial radio
Played in class: "She Is Michelle" Gato Barbieri 1978
Analogous to cool
Muzac: elevator music
Kenny G, David Benoit, Rick Braun, Dave Koz
George Bensen: More of a hard bopper, came along in mid-60s
Played in class: "The Cooker"
Recorded album called "Breezin": album that changed the way many musicians thought opened the door to what was smooth jazz
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Definition
contemporary jazz
merging funk & soul w/classical jazz
1970s
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Term
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Definition
tenor sax
contributor to Soul Saxists
influenced mainly by Blues musicians |
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Term
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Definition
alto sax
James Brown's band
Soul Saxist |
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Term
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Definition
sax
not play Bebop or Cool
plays Blues
Soul Saxist |
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Term
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Definition
alto sax
one of the main contributors to Soul Saxists |
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Term
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Definition
alto & tenor sax
blues phrases (not like Bebop, more Hardbop improv)
vaulted to fame with the Mr. Magic (huge commercial success, raised popularity of guitarist on album-> Eric Gale)
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Term
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Definition
alto sax
distinctive sound
hard edge
powerful, focused sound like sonic lazer beam
Blues sound like Hank
highly sought after for recording sessions
played w/ James Brown, Stevie Wonder, Jaco Pastorious, Brecker Brothers, George Bensen, & Eagles
played "Snakes"
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Definition
tenor sax
composer
ewi-electronic wind instrument (not keyboard based, synthisizer, allowed saxophonists to play synthisizer like thye would play their sax)
widely regarded as the most influential tenor sax since John Coltrane
started SNL House band
brother Randy Brecker (Brecker Brothers Band led together)->"Above & Beyond" played
founder & co-led band "Steps Ahead"
- NY recording session players joined together
- commercial type recording
- acoustic instruments but not as traditional
- progressive approach to melody & harmony
- blurred & changed the role of instruments
- "Suspone" played-> Micheal on ewi & Mike Stern composer & guitar player
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Term
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Definition
serge in 1980s
Mambo, salsa, bossa nova
combo of Bebop improv w/ Caribbean and/or South American music
"clave"-repeating rhythmic pattern (2 bar, so 3-2 clave or 2-3 clave)
dance music
involved percussion (Congo drums)
Latin American elements been around since 1940s (Dizzy first in "Mantaka" which means heroin, Stan Kenton, Chano Pozo who collaborated w/ Dizzy, George Shearing, Cal Tjader, Stan Getz) |
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Definition
percussionist (hand)
Bongo & Congo drums
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Term
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Definition
pianist
composer
son Chucho Valdes & grandson Chuchito Valdes who were also pianists |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| percussionist (Timbalies) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
pianist
"Chocolate Ice cream" |
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Definition
trumpet
UCLA Professor
UCLA Latin Jazz Big Band director
"Hub Cap" played |
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Term
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Definition
1980s & onward
spund of hardbop returns
return to acoustic instruments (except amplified guitar)
however, still advancing harmony
Marsolis Family associated w/ this movement
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Term
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Definition
educator/pianist/composer/band leader,
4/7 children jazz musicians,
hard to find albums b/c small & independent labels not as easy to track as large companies,
teaching approach was different -> encourage students to learn through intensive listening of artists they admired and make music discoveries on own
"Syndrom" |
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Term
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Definition
tenor sax
Ellis' oldest son
composer, band leader
began w/barotone w/ Art Blakey
played w/ bro Winton Marsalis' Quintet
leader & sideman w/ lots of others like Sting & Tina Turner
bandleader for Tonight's show
"Yes or No"
played a ton of notes
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Term
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Definition
trumpet
composer, band leader, educator
one of the most prominent jazz musicians in Modern Jazz
combo of skill, sophisticated
impressive knowledge (& about many trumpet players)
"Caravan" played
Freddie Hubbard & Clifford Brown influence
currently artistic director of Jazz Orchestra @ Lincoln Center in NY. ( nationwide competiton for high school bands, recreate Duke Ellington)
attended Julliard |
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Term
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Definition
trombone
producer-best known for Jazz record producer
lower recorded output as older bros
coined phrase, "to obtain a more woodlike sound from the bass the album was recorded w/o a dreaded base direct"
"Big Train" he produced with 2 bros
"All Aboard" played
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Term
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Definition
drums
malut percussion
child prodegy
most musically talented of bros
poly rhythms= two conflicting patterns that go on at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
vocalist, pianist, band leader
commercially successful like Winton
From Canada
started playing at age 4
came from a musical family
reallly admired Nat King Cole from young
attended Berkelee School of Music (Jazz Conservatory)
Ray Brown convinced her to leave Canada for LA
one of the most internationally known jazz musicians
"Hit that Jire Jack" played
"All for You" dedicated to Nat King Cole |
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Term
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Definition
· Not talking about Diana Krall being a singer or vocalist or Diana Reeds; not talking about singer performing in front of a combo
· Describes music that incorporated the vocalese concept
o Style of jazz singing in which lyrics are written for melodies that were originally part of an all instrumental composition or improvisation—after the fact; or an interesting solo (legendary) that is retrospectively written lyrics for it
o Fit lyrics according the existing melody
o Do not confuse this with scat singing style in which vocalists improvise in the same style that instrumentalists improvise—using neutral syllables
§ Believed that Lewis Armstrong was the first to do it
§ When music sheet fell off while recording imrpvosed the melody
o Early masters of vocalese technique
§ King Pleasure
ú 1922-1981
ú Clarence Beaks real name
ú “Moody’s Mood For Love”: hit, biggest song
· lyrics came from improvisation of older pop song for “I’m In The Mood For Love”
· James Moody Saxophonist played a solo for I’m in the mood or love in the bridge section that turned out to be very catchy which was recorded
· Eddie Jefferson took the bridge section of his improvisation and wrote vocalese lyrics to his solo thereby creating a new song around the solo calling it Moody’s Mood For Love |
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Term
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Definition
ú lyracist
ú highly charismatic
ú wrote lyrics for (vocalese) for Moody’s Mood For Love |
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Term
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Definition
ú Voclese lyricist
ú “FootPrints” composed by Wayne Shorter
· selected all tunes that became instrumentals from the beginning and added lyrics to them after the fact |
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Term
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Definition
ú Widely admired vocalist and lyricist
ú Many very highly devoted fans but also a lot of dislike
· Acquired taste singer
ú Employs scat and vocalese: athletic type vocalist, lots of power he exudes and his tone is not a rich rippling baritone voce heard from Frank Sinatra
ú “Resolution” composed by John Coltrane second part of A Love Supreme album
· Kurt plays with big band led by sax composer Bob Mincer
ú Vocal groups more common not with soloists |
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Term
Lambert Hendricks and Ross |
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Definition
ú Dave Lambert, Jon Hendricks: highly accomplished scat singer , Annie Ross: British singer
ú First album Sing a Song of Bassie
· Reduction of classic Count Bassie band recordings
ú Sing Along With Bassie
· Recorded along with Count Bassie band
ú “Everyday I have The Blues”
ú Started the trend of group vocalese |
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Term
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Definition
ú first widely successful four part vocal grup
ú four part harmony: SATB soprano alto tenor bass
ú 3 men and 1 woman
ú based in Chicago, commercial recording session singers by day |
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Term
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Definition
ú first internationally successful four part group
ú 2 men 2 women; 2 bass 2 soprano
ú A Capella jazz vocal singing :vocices without accompaniment |
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Term
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Definition
ú Considered to be top of the heap; most respected group out there today
ú Four part vocal ensembles
ú 1980
ú “Moment’s Notice” John Coltrane; merged scat singing to john coltranes tenor solo and vocalese |
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Term
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Definition
ú 1980 but still underground unheard of in 1998
ú Six part all male group
ú Highly gospel and some R&B
ú Harmony is much more dense
ú “So Much To Say” all sounds made by the human body |
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Term
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Definition
ú Out of Sweden
ú Never toured North America
ú 5 part group: 3 women 2 men
ú most Acapella |
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Term
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Definition
Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra (NY)
Chicago Jazz Orchestra
Clayton Hamilton Jazz Orchestra (LA)
primarily play Classical
very similar to Neo-classical jazz |
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Term
| Clayton Hamilton Jazz Orchestra |
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Definition
led by John & Jeff Clayton & Jeff Hamilton
Neo classic
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Term
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Definition
Bass
composer, arranger
one of the most in demand
Diana Krall's band
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Term
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Definition
big band leader
"Arrangement of Revolution" |
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Term
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Definition
composer, arranger
NY
takes elements of Neoclassical
reminder of Pat Metheney
"Hang Glinding" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
tenor sax
idolized Hardbopper Gene Ammons
John Coltrane & Micheal Brecker too
"Sweet Sarrow"
Neoclassic |
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Term
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Definition
trumpet
band leader
composer, done film composing for Spike Lee's
unfortunate timing (shadow of Winton Marsalis)
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
trumpet
East Coast-Philly
Clayton Bros' Quintet
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Term
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Definition
guitar
play chord melodies well
most technically proficient guitarist out there
was Diana Krall's guitarist
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Term
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Definition
guitar
Gerral Wilson's son
was UCLA Guitar Professor but now Diana Krall's guiartist |
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Term
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Definition
guitar
unique yet still Neo-classical style
Geroge Bensen, Wes Montgomery, Grant Green=admired them
"House of the rising sun" played |
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Term
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Definition
Bass-acoustic & electric
played with Diana Krall's first quartet
leader |
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Term
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Definition
piano
UCLA Jazz piano professor
so in-demand
"huge ears"=able to listen to recording and replicate on the spot, hear something someone played and develop it into his playing
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Term
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Definition
Piano
LA
plays w/ vocalist Sara Gazarek
"My Shining Hour" |
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Term
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Definition
Neo Classic style
Leader Charley Harrison
Kurt Elling vocalist
Sax-John W.
"Jeannine" played
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Term
| John Coltrane's Famous Quartet |
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Definition
McCoy Tyner piano
Jimmy Garrison Bass
Elvin Jones Drums |
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