Translates to: "just, only, full of"

Colloquially: ばっかり bakkari, ばっか bakka

Examples:

• Noun:  東京は人ばかりだ。(Tōkyō wa hito bakari da.) =  Tokyo is just full of people.
• Verbs (ta form):  食べたばかりだ。(Tabeta bakari da.) = I just ate.
• Verb (te form):  彼は食べてばかりいる。(Kare wa tabete bakari iru.) =  He's always eating.

Translation: "Not only"

Notes: Accompanied by さえ sae ("but also") indicates something unusual or unexpected.

Etymology: bakari + ka

Examples:

• Nouns:  祖父ばかりか、曽祖父さえ生きている。( Sofu bakari ka, sōsofu sae ikite iru.) =  Not only is my grandfather living, but so is my great-grandfather.

Translates to: "Only"; limit.

Notes: Dake functions as a noun. The kanji form of dake is less commonly used.

Examples:

• Nouns:  ローマ字だけの辞書 (Rōmaji dake no jisho) =  A rōmaji-only dictionary
• Verbs (Volitional):  寝たいだけ寝ればいい。(Netai dake nereba ii.) =  You can sleep as much as you want [to sleep].

Translates to: "And, things like".

Etymology: da (copula) + no.

Notes: This particle is used far less frequently than to ka. This particle often has negative connotations.

Examples:

• Nouns, adjectives, verbs:  納豆だの、シーフードだの、わさびだの—日本食が苦手だ。(Nattō da no, shīfūdo da no, wasabi da no—nihonshoku ga nigate da.) = Natto, seafood, wasabi- Japanese food isn't my thing.

Translates to: "Covered with".

Notes: Often has negative connotations.

Examples:

• Nouns:  私の服は泥だらけ！(Watashi no fuku wa doro darake!) =  My clothes are covered with mud.

Etymology: Originally an alteration of ni te, later treated as a conjugation of the copula da. de can be used as "at" or "by means of". When serving as the continuative TE form of a subordinate clause, de substitutes for da/desu, carries the meaning "is, and so...", and takes on the tense of the final verb of the sentence.

Examples:

• Nouns (Instrument):  自転車で行きましょう。(Jitensha de ikimashō.) =  Let's go by bicycle.
• Nouns (Location):  ここで休みたい。(Koko de yasumitai.) = I want to rest here.
• Nouns (Language):  日本語で手紙を書いた。(Nihongo de tegami wo kaita.) = I wrote the letter in Japanese.
• TE form of copula ("Is, and so..."):  君 が 好き で よかった。(Kimi ga suki de yokatta.) =  Pal, you are loved (and so) I am glad. / I am glad that I love you, pal.