Term
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Definition
| non violence is highest form of religious conduct, atheistic religion, individual soul (jiva) remains after liberation from matter (ajiva), in india for 2500 years, small minority but influential |
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Term
| individual soul (jainism) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| teachers in Jainism are called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most recent enlightened teacher, born in india in 599 BCE to ruling caste |
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Term
| at what age did Mahavira renounce the world and begin a journey? after how many years was he enlightened? when de he die and become liberated? |
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Definition
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Term
[Differentiation]
"sky clad" do not wear clothes |
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Definition
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Term
[Differentiation]
"white-clad" wear white robes |
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Definition
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Term
| what happened in the fourth century when groups went south? |
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Definition
| northerners began wearing clothes and accepted new scripture, and also different views about womens liberation |
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Term
| Jains view of the universe; space; what are the three realms? |
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Definition
underworld
middle world
heavens |
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Term
| jains view of the universe; Time; happiness increases and declines in how many stages? we are in the 5th stage of decline and Jinas are only born in which two stages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Jains view on physical existence? |
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Definition
"many sideness"
"assertion with qualification" |
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Term
| What are the categories of matter according to Jains? |
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Definition
| Matter, sentient beings, and that which is neither material nor sentient (Suffering is real, goal is to limit suffering of other people and animals and things. Universally they are vegetarian) |
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Term
| sentient beings include what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| made of single celled creatures that are constantly being created and destroyed but dont feel |
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Term
| what binds your soul to a constant cycle of rebirth. Jains believe it is material in nature & a physical reality that stays with in our souls? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| physical particles that bind our souls and thought and intentions are important |
|
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Term
| what are the five principles according to Jains? |
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Definition
non-violence/stealing/possession
truthfulness
sexual purity |
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Term
| AKA ahimsa; the most important principle, practice vegetarianism |
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Definition
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Term
| principle that says you shouldn’t lie or hide the truth (hiding is as bad as lying), One time lying may be ok is to avoid or stop violence |
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Definition
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Term
| principle that says; Avoid taking what is not yours (what isn’t given- Ex. nuns cannot ask for anything) |
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Definition
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Term
| principle that says; monks and nuns are celibate (avoid even thinking about it or wanting it) |
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Definition
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Term
| principle that says they should renounce all possessions and their desire for them, monks and nuns formally give everything away |
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Definition
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Term
| "fast until death" a ritual in which they starve themselves until they die knowing that death is the result |
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Definition
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Term
| whereas we view sallekhana, jains starving themselves to death, as suicide. How do they view it? |
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Definition
| the ultimate expression of non-violence |
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Term
| is Sallekhana one of the five jain principles? |
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Definition
| NO but it is important in theory because they sympathize with others but it is not one of the main 5 jain principles. it is an idealized ritual |
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Term
| which religion rejected the Vedas and Brahman authority? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was buddhism a continuation of ? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| hindiusm is to what _____, as Jainism is to _______, as Buddhism is to ________ |
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Definition
devotion
ascetiscism
mindfulness |
|
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Term
| traditionally the atheistic religion developed around 2500 years ago |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three gems in buddhism? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the fully enlightened teacher? |
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Definition
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Term
| who was the first buddha? a sheltered prince, result of virgin birth born from her side, named "successful one" had four sights? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what were siddhartha guatamas four sights? |
|
Definition
sick man
suffering old man
dead man
monk meditating |
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Term
| a selfless act to become a wondering student and ascetic studying under gurus |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does siddhartha realize about ascetism? |
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Definition
| extremes are bad, the middle is the best |
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Term
| what does siddhartha vow to do? |
|
Definition
| meditate under Bodhi tree until he is liberated (meditation becomes conscious) |
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Term
| what happens when siddhartha is challenged by Mara |
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Definition
| Mara (demon) story says as he is sitting there she Mara appears and taunts him shooting arrows at him and S turns them into lotus flowers, then Maras daughters are sent to tempt him and they don’t phase him. |
|
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Term
| what does mara represent? |
|
Definition
| she isnt a demon, she is ourselves being distracted by physical pleasures and pain to a point where we cannot achieve our goals. |
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Term
| when can nirvana be achieved? |
|
Definition
| once physical body expires |
|
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Term
| what is the wheel turning discourse? |
|
Definition
| the middle way that describes the four noble truths and the 8fold path |
|
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Term
| how long did siddhartha live for befor he died and entered a state of nirvana |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a way of existing where there is no suffering, we cannot imagine this life |
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Term
the buddha lived over 500 lives-
what is the name for one who vows to become a buddha? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| no he is a human who fulfilled his spiritual potential. he didnt do anything that we could eventually do if we tried |
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Term
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Definition
| Teachings of eternal truth (not culturally contingent) There is nothing unchanging about us (everything is always changing) Different from the Jains- everything about us changed except our soul. Buddhist- the process that we see as death is no different than every moment of our lives, every moment we are dying and being reborn. |
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Term
|
Definition
NT of suffering
NT of origin
NT of cessation
NT of 8fold path |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suffering arises from excessive desire |
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Definition
|
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Term
| suffering will end when desire ceases |
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Definition
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Term
| it is possible to put an end to desire, and therefore suffering, through following this |
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Definition
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Term
| is an explanation of how we need to live in order to attain liberation: Right understanding, Right thought, Right speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and meditation. |
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Definition
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Term
the community,
originally monastic, states that women have a lower status and divisions began around 4 century bce (three main today) |
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Definition
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Term
| three main Sangha communities today |
|
Definition
theravada
mahayana
vajrayana (tibet) |
|
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Term
| compare siddhartha and mahavira |
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Definition
| they were both born into a ruling caste and they rejected the life that society gave them. They were not satisfied. They both went off on their journeys around age 30. They both tried ascetic life, Mahavira followed it all the way through and Siddhartha rejected it. Siddhartha embraced the middle. |
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Term
| (reason they survived is because the emperor became a Buddhist so what was once a small community it had backing of a community and empire {Christians-Constantine}) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
297 bce emperor ______ converted
Tried to unite Buddhists (Wanted to achieve universal beliefs)
He began missionary efforts (sent missionaries to Asia, Buddhism is almost non existent in India today) |
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Definition
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|
Term
"the way of the elders"
Monastic community very separate (didn’t have to interact to achieve enlightenment) |
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Definition
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|
Term
claim to be buddhism in its original forms
No scriptures that were compiled after the first century (famine had people in fright that they would lose their collection of scriptures) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the theravadas ultimate goal |
|
Definition
| ARHAT- means that you stop producing karma (their whole lives are based around stopping karma) |
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Term
"greater vehicle"
willing to embrace new things |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| who do the mahayana think can achieve enlightenment |
|
Definition
| anyone, possible for laity |
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Term
| Accept authority of secret scriptures (teachings that were not compiled or discussed until after the first century, they aren’t secret anymore) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Conceive of Gautama as one of many eternal compassionate beings (incarnations) Move towards talking about him and conceiving him very close to a deity, but not one. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what was mahayanas ultimate goal |
|
Definition
to become a BODHISATTVA: devoting yourself to becoming enlightened
take a vow to not enter a state of NIRVANA until every other being has been enlightened.
oNirvana viewed as a selfish goal (sure great to be enlightened so you aren’t suffering anymore but everyone else still is)
oOften provide “grace” |
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|
Term
o Most prominent form today
o Developed 1 cent. Around veneration of amidabha
o He vowed to create a “pure land”(land of bliss)
o Devotees are uplifted by amidabhas merits
o Enlightenment is easy once they are there |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| madhyamika= "the middle way" |
|
Definition
• Nagarjuna=2nd cent(century). Convert
• Taught the emptiness of all things. (what a fucking depressing religion)
• No dualism=nirvana and samsara are the same (so kurt cobain will be reborn??!?!) |
|
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Term
| yogacara= "the practice of yoga" |
|
Definition
• Also called “conscious only” Buddhism
• Emphasis on meditation.
• There is a “storehouse of consciousness”
• The universe and the perceiver exist only in the process of perceiving. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Formed by Bodhidharma in the 5th cent.
• Includes Zen
• Influenced by Yogacara
• Transformative truth from sudden moments of insight
• Reject reason (so we should just all go insane?)
• Meditate on nonsense. Like think about logically impossible shit as if it was possible.
• Strong focus on individualism. |
|
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Term
| vajrayana (tibetan buddhism) |
|
Definition
Considered a form of Mahayana
o Influenced by Madhyamika and Yogacara schools
• Means “diamond cutter way”
• Buddhism came to Tibet in the 5th cent C.E.
• Incorporates Indian tantric practices with local traditions.
• Tantric practices are the easiest way to enlightenment (basically just fuck. A LOT.)
o Focus on energy transfer. (fucking)
o Centrality of the “four purities” |
|
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Term
| what are the four purities? |
|
Definition
• 1. Seeing ones body as the body of the Buddha
• 2. Seeing ones environment as the pure land of the Buddha
• 3. Perceiving ones enjoyments as bliss of the Buddha, free from attachment
• 4. Performing ones actions only for the benefit of others |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Religious and political leaders.
• Divided between yellow and red hat schools. |
|
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Term
| who is the leader of the yellow hat community? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
believed to be an incarnation of bodhisattva
political leader of tibet until the 1950s |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
• About five mill more Siks than Jews, it’s the fifth largest religion
• Growing number in North America |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
• Newer tradition compared to other religions
o Only about 500 years old
• 2000 years after Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism
• Originated in the Punjab region of N.W. India
• Starting in an area where Hindus and Muslims were meeting/clashing
• Majority of Sikhs are still there
• Influenced by Islam and Hinduism |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| MONOTHEISTIC (The True Name) |
|
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Term
| are scriptures thought to be an authority to Sikhs? |
|
Definition
yes
they need to be recited/studied |
|
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Term
| belief of cycle of death and rebirth, reincarnation/karma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do sikhs handle rituals? and holidays? |
|
Definition
traditionally they rejected rituals of both (theological aspects matter more)
cultural holidays are seen in a secular light |
|
|
Term
| in Sikh tradition what is a guru? |
|
Definition
| it means teacher but to sikhs it is a leader |
|
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Term
| how many gurus can their be at once? |
|
Definition
| one at a time (similar to catholic pope) |
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Term
| Guru Nanak was originally part of the hindu sant tradition which was popular where? |
|
Definition
| india (hindu sants had no focus on temple worship) |
|
|
Term
| how the the hindu sant tradition show devotion? |
|
Definition
| through vernacular poetry |
|
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Term
| what happened during Guru Nanaks mystical experience at age 30 when he disappeared for three days? |
|
Definition
he encountered god
Drank the “nectar of immortality” moment of connection between god and himself
Became the basis of a ritual to reinact that |
|
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Term
| what did guru nanak recite? |
|
Definition
| the mul mantra ("primary mantra" |
|
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Term
| what is the mul mantra "primary mantra" |
|
Definition
Outlines what god is like and how we know god
Distinguishes from Muslims and Hindus
Almost universally part of morning prayer |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| “There is one Supreme Being, the eternal reality. He is the creator, without fear and devoid of enmity. He is immortal, never incarnated, self-existent, known by grace through the Guru. The eternal one, from the beginning, through all time, present now, the Everlasting Reality.” |
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Term
| hinduhs are ______ whereas Sikhism is _____ |
|
Definition
polytheistic
monotheistic (one god) |
|
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Term
| sikhisms agree with the world being eternal meaning there are how many realities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| they agree with the islams in what aspect? |
|
Definition
| One eternal god, creator, no incarnation, eternal, everlasting (go with Islam) |
|
|
Term
| what do gurus say that islams dont like? |
|
Definition
| Knowing god through grace of Guru, Islam DOES NOT believe that, they said they didn’t have any type of knowledge from god. |
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Term
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Definition
| “There is no Muslim and there is no Hindu” At the core, before time/cultural corruptions, they are the same. Distinctions are arbitrary and based on misunderstanding/misinterpretation |
|
|
Term
| what were guru nanaks four journeys? |
|
Definition
Studied under influential important teachers (Muslim and Hindu)
Realized they were based upon the same issues and beliefs |
|
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Term
| guru nanak settled after 20 years and a group of disciples (sikhs) gathered what did he teach them and what happened? |
|
Definition
Taught them nam simaran (“meditation on the divine name”) kirtan (“singing” hymns of praise)
Ends SAMSARA |
|
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Term
| what includes guru nanaks devotional hymns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many gurus were there |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happend when nanak told the men how to decide how he would be buried |
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Definition
| On his Nanaks’ deathbed there were flowers, he said whichever side wilted could bury him how they wanted. They came back both sets of flowers were full of life and his body was gone showing his commitment to maintaining unity. |
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Term
| guru angad was named as successor by who |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the langar communal meal |
|
Definition
| open to anyone, kitchen is open everyone helps to cook and clean and they eat together. During this time there were caste distinctions and Islam Hinduism distinctions. Allow people in a more political sense to get help when they need it. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Guru Arjan Dev (1563-1606)- 5th Guru |
|
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Term
|
Definition
First in line of hereditary descent
Built the Harimandir Sahib- aka the Golden Temple (imp place for Sikhs)
Executed by emperor (tried to start a revolt) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621-75)- 9th guru
Executed for refusing to convert to Islam |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708)- |
|
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Term
| what did guru gobind singh create? |
|
Definition
| military order called the Khalsa expectation is they will protect them takes on, what we describe, as a political stance. most members were executed for involvement |
|
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Term
| guru gobind singh Sent the Zafar nama “victory letter”- letter to emperor to antagonize him claiming victory after all the people were executed, there was no point in putting out a few sparks when you’ve started a large fire. Said they will just continue to grow no matter what. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| succession ended with whos assassination (before he died he said the authority of the community was going to be the scripture in consensus of the community) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the four notions of guruship |
|
Definition
1. God as Guru
o Eternal, formless, beyond attributes
2. Teach as Guru
Nanak embodied the divine teacher (embodiment of divine message)
3. Scripture as Guru
Scripture is divinely inspired and the Guru’s writings are divinely authored (writings are the words of god)
• 4. Community as Guru |
|
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Term
| incredibly important to the sikhs and was meant to lead them |
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Definition
|
|
Term
most important scripture
poems of first 5 gurus and some non sikh poetry
text itself is honored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Guru Gobind Singh work’s (divinely authored- sometimes included even if it isn’t religiously or culturally as important as the Adi Granth)
Includes autobiography and poetry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three important scriptures to sikhs |
|
Definition
adi granth
dasam granth
hymns of sikh poets |
|
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Term
Initiated members of the Khalsa (military)
Nectar bearing bc they reenact Nanak encounter (nectar of immortality)
“Baptized” Sikhs |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the five cherished ones that guru gobind singh picked |
|
Definition
| 5 times “I need a volunteer” they went into a tent “swoosh and thud” he beheaded every single one of them was beheaded. They shouldn’t be a part of the group if they didn’t want to die for the group. He brings them back to life in one story. In another five dead goats and five alive men. Members go through rituals and are expected to be wearing 5Ks |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• 1. Kes- Uncut hair and beard
2. Kangha- Comb in hair (spiritual and physical cleanliness)
3. Kirpan- Steel dagger (willingness to fight)
4. Kara- Steel bracelet on right wrist (most important- UNITY/oneness of god)
5. Kachh- Shorts; undergarment under normal clothes (purity/chastity) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| comb in hair to show spiritual cleanliness |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
steel bracelet
most important
unity/oneness |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o “Hair-bearing”
o Do not cut their hair or beard but aren’t Amritdhari
o Most times aren’t prepared to do everything expected of them, not because they are falling away from tradition, if anything they are devout and don’t want to take being the A lightly.
o Majority in India, minority elsewhere (outward appearance |
|
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Term
|
Definition
o “Slow-adopter” not properly Sikhs
o “Unbaptized,” cut beard and hair
o Majority outside of India |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Monastic group, shave beard and head, missionaries |
|
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Term
| what do revitilization movements do? |
|
Definition
• Bring back ancient teachings- There has been a push to bring back Nanaks teachings
• No central authority after the 10th Guru
o Many went back to Hindu traditions
• Revitalizations when British began calling all religions “Hinduism” |
|
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Term
|
Definition
o Started by Dyal Das (1783-1853)
o Rejected Hindu practice, esp. images
o Nirankaris means “worshippers of the Formless One” |
|
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Term
|
Definition
o Formed in 1857, led by Ram Singh (1816-1884)
o New rituals for integrating people into community that other groups didn’t accept, they became vegetarians
o Known for extremists who killed butchers (for killing animals, grave sin needed to end)
o Singh forced into exile- 60 followers executed
o Believe he is still alive and will return |
|
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Term
|
Definition
o Began in 1873 as reaction to missionaries
o Less response to political presence of British but the catholic presence of missionaries
o Wanted to further remove Hindu influences
o Didn’t want to be Hindu but not Christian either
o Emphasize education, reason people were drawn to Christian missionaries is because they would receive some kind of education, well if people want that Sikhs should offer it. |
|
|
Term
| influential in china but not the primary practiced religion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Many people identify with more than one tradition (people integrate aspects or philosophies into their every day lives in various ways)
• Belief in many gods and spirits (generally a sense that they are one of many forces)
• Concept of YIN=negative force/darkness, and YANG= positive force/light/sun/men
• Importance of ancestor veneration (VERY pervasive) |
|
|
Term
| when did taoism and confuc develop? |
|
Definition
| • Taoism and Confucianism developed as the feudal system declined (how to handle change and they end up having a lot to say about what role government should have, t- as little as possible and con say more than that) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Within the tradition we find people making a distinction between philosophical and religious tradition (from a scholarly perspective an arbitrary distinction to make) |
|
|
Term
refers to religious and philosophical traditions
early tradition not concerned with dieties, rituals, or an afterlife |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used riddles and teachings were secret |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Focus on laminating on non-sense ideas and that was what was important for moments of clarity, the fact that it was all riddles makes it hard to pass along. Not easily interpretive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Philosophical tradition associated with Lao-tzu (Laozi) and Chuang-tsu (Zhuangzi) |
|
Definition
| taoism philosophical tradition is ass. with who? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Debate about his existence Older contemporary of Confucius (50 years older than C)Born and Taught in China
Recorded how to live in touch with the inner tao (inner way- way of living in harmony of nature) |
|
|
Term
| about 5000 words, poetic stanza (if you are talking about it its not it, not great for cohesion or passing things down) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who said All human achievements (including gov) will decline (trying to attain things you didn’t have before is not how we should live our lives, the govt is part of the problem we need to limit influence) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
encourages people to adapt this "virtue"
emphasis of lao-tzus teaching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
action without overreaction (not in favor of apathy but concerned about people trying to do/achieve things that were not important or didn’t matter)
o Living in harmony with the tao (i.e. simply) (reject in thoughtful way) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experience rather than reason (explain why teachings weren’t meant to be reasonable but they were intentionally more confusing- reason got people to where they were making us want unnecessary things) |
|
|
Term
| what does wewei say about govt intervention |
|
Definition
should not impose excessive laws (its an overreaction)
Continual conflict with Chinese political powers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Studied Lao-Tzu
• Chuang-tzu text attributed to him (4th-3rd cent BCE)
o Nothing new just extending Lao-tzu
• Explicit contempt for politics (Lao said limited legal interactions and Chuang was much more vocally opposed saying it needed to be done away with) |
|
|
Term
who calls for freedom from social control and our own minds (self interest and prejudice)
o Getting rid of the government wont fix things, need to be away from things that control us
o People with education thought they were better, that’s detrimental to society and self |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
focus on life
peaceful harmonious society
overcome illness and try for utopia
survive in body and spirit |
|
|
Term
| explain the ultimate goal to survive in body and spirit |
|
Definition
o Emphasis on ALCHEMY to attain immortality (preserve bodies)
o Gods became important
o Shift towards “inner alchemy”- healed & preserved through moral behavior |
|
|
Term
| three high gods of taoism |
|
Definition
1. The Great One- supreme deity (emanation of tao)
2. The Heavenly One- disciple of tao (tao personified)
3. The Earthly One- T.H.O’s disciples (lao-tzu deified) |
|
|
Term
| hope for messiah "classic of the great peace" who will usher in virtuous rule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| splits were more practice then doctrine; two main sects today are perfect truth and heavenly masters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two main taoism sects today |
|
Definition
Perfect Truth
• They are a monastic community
Heavenly Masters
• True teachings needed renovations (Lao-Tzu will reappear) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taoism confucianism and buddhism |
|
|
Term
| Developing around the same time and context as Taoism, Feudal system declining and wars |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
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Definition
| wise teacher with outstanding character (emphasized importance of leading by example) |
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| sage lives in harmony with |
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| sage agreed with lao-tzu that ? |
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| theres an ideal way to be |
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| Mom had a dream with a unicorn saying he would be born as an important sage and she had to give birth in a cave with dragons protecting him and then five figures came to see him after she washed him in a stream |
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after his death
question and answer |
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o “The course of life as it was intended to go”
• Idea is that there is a natural way to be/exist (Kinda like destiny but more than that)
• The natural order, to Confucius, was to have order (hierarchies)
• Most successful within a feudal system |
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o Central teaching and main legacy was the virtue of Jen
o Jen (ren)- “human heartedness” or “goodness”
o Importance of reciprocity (shu) |
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| Ruler, subject- father, son- husband, wife- elder, younger brother- elder, younger |
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| [Mencius and Hsun Tzu (Xunzi)] |
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| • Developed Confucius’ thought after his death |
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o Sense of right and wrong is shared by all people “heart minded” virtue
o People who rule should be people who cultivate that virtue the best
• Evil resulted from a wicked environment (not human nature)
• Seemed to have been Confucius’ view |
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o Evil is inherent in human nature (humans are naturally evil)
o We need laws and training to control us (to not be evil)
o Idea that officials and people set to govern had to go through training.
o Rejected the existence of personal spiritual forces
• Deities were a different sphere or issue, where he said they don’t exist
• Marks the peak of anti-supernaturalism in the Confucius tradition |
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• Differs in a lot of significant ways
• Metaphysical questions (Buddhist missionaries coming into China)
o Attributed new thinking to Confucius (recognize that he was considered about the breakdown of the world and wanted us to have more efficient communication)’ |
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| what are the four books of neo-conf that people looked to for a spiritual legacy |
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The Analects of Confucius
Book of Mencius
The Great Learning’s
Doctrine of Mean |
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Neo-Confucianism
Became orthodox after his death
Humans and the cosmos mirror each other |
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Set of essences of organizing and normative principles belonging to the metaphysical realm
Reality that exists in some other realm |
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| the matter that is in the physical realm. |
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through meditation, cultivate our Qi to make it like Li
Make our reality same as perfect reality through meditation |
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neo-confuc
ultimate reality subjectivity that infuses all objectivity (singular reality) |
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| "kami-no-michi-" "the way of the gods" |
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Indigenous traditions of Japan
Origins in Nature of worship
No historical founder or scripture |
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All pervasive force present in nature, gods, and spirits (it isn’t an issue of translation, issue of term meaning all of those things)
communication through rituals and mediums (devotion rituals) |
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| Shintos had an emphasis on what |
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purity, not sin
acts, not thoughts or intentions, are important |
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| what did shintos focus on |
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| family, ancestors, and the community |
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2 gods sent to organize the universe (Earth originally complete chaos and these two supernatural gods, one male one female, were sent to this realm to organize it)
Another says a bridge connected the two realms, the male took a spear and put it into the chaos and when he pulled it out the stuff fell into the chaos and turned into Japan. They then inhabit it and that’s where everything starts |
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| shinto; when women speak first |
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negative creation
At some point they come together and the result of their union is creation of a negative being that is always different |
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| shinto; when man speaks first |
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she births the universe
Birth to fire that burns her and she dies being sent to an underworld where the male goes to look for her causing him to be impure |
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| shinto; what happens when she dies? |
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he becomes impure
He realizes the worlds cant coexist and that he needs to remain ritually pure and decides to leave her there
He shut off the connection from the underworld to our world so our world can remain pure
Ritually cleanses himself |
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| what are the results of the creation myth |
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most important Kami
Left eye= Sun goddess (Amaterasu)
Right eye= Moon god (Tsukiyomi)
Nose= God of summer wind (Susano-o) |
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| ryobu (dual aspect) shinto |
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| syncretism between Shinto and Buddhism (Mahayana was spread easily bc it provided figures that could be associated with Buddhism) |
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(fundamentally they were the same thing)
Shinto for day-to-day, Buddhism for afterlife |
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| led to development of Shinto doctrine (prior to presence of Buddhism there were things people did but there wasn’t a clear doctrine) |
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| Major push in 17th century, it lasted for a long time culminated in it becoming a state sanctioned religion |
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| Kokugaku (national learning) movement began |
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| what began during shinto revivalism |
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| when did state shinto become the official religion in japan |
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| state shinto became offical religion of japan |
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Veneration of the emperor (descendant of sun goddess)
He performed rituals on behalf of the people (leads to prosperity)
Abolished after WWII |
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| how many contemporary shinto streams are there today? |
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Oldest and most popular (people in dual aspects do this)
Devotion: purification {wash hands eyes nose and mouth}, offering {monetary}, prayer, and “feast” {some sort of symbolic celebration EX. sip of wine}
Worship at home “Domestic Shinto”- Kamidana “god shelf” |
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Broadly defined {anything that predates that}
Includes divination, spirit possession, and healing |
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Refers to groups that developed since mid-1800s
Often have little in common with mainstream Shinto
Few shrines, often meet as congregations |
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| God of summer wind (Susano-o) |
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