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J200 Exam 4
Ch. 17 Vocab
71
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
04/12/2010

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
innate immunity
Definition
host defenses that afford protection against any kind of pathogen
Term
adaptive immunity
Definition
the ability, obtained during the life of the individual, to produce specific antibodies and T cells
Term
humoral immunity
Definition
immunity brought about by antibodies
Term
bursa of Fabricius
Definition
a structure resembling a lymph node, exists in birds, has no known function
Term
thymus
Definition
lymphoid organ found in the upper chest, plays a role in immunity
Term
B cells
Definition
recognize antigens and make specific antibodies against them
Term
T cells
Definition
mature of the influence of the thymus (basis of cellular immunity)
Term
cellular immunity
Definition
an immune response that involves T cells binding to an antigen presented on antigen-presenting cells; T cells then differentiate into several types of effector T cells
Term
T-cell receptors (TCRs)
Definition
molecules on T cells that recognize antigens
Term
antigens
Definition
any substance that causes antibody formation
Term
epitopes or antigenic determinants
Definition
a specific region on the surface of an antigen against which antibodies are formed
Term
haptens
Definition
a substance of low molecular weight that does not cause the formation of antibodies by itself but does so when combined with a carrier molecule
Term
antibodies
Definition
globulin proteins (immunoglobulins); made in response to an antigen and can recognize and bind to an anitgen
Term
immunoglobulins (Ig)
Definition
term used for antibodies
Term
anitgen-binding sites
Definition
each antibody has at lease two identical binding sites
Term
valence
Definition
number of antigen-binding sites on an antibody; (two binding sides = bivalent)
Term
monomer
Definition
bivalent monomer has the simplest molecular structure
Term
T-dependent antigen
Definition
an antigen that requires a T(subH)cell for antibody production; an antigen that will stimulate the formation of antibodies only with the assistance of T helper cells
Term
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Definition
a collection of genes that encode molecules of genetically diverse glycoproteins that are found on the plasma membranes of mammalian nucleated cells
Term
plasma cells
Definition
a cell that is an activated B cell differentiates into; plasma cells manufacture antibodies
Term
memory cells
Definition
responsible for the enhanced secondary phase to an antigen
Term
clonal selection
Definition
the development of clones of B and T cells against a specific antigen
Term
clonal deletion
Definition
the elimination of B and T cells that react with self
Term
T-independent antigens
Definition
antigens that stimulate B cells directly without the help of T cells
Term
antigen-antibody complex
Definition
when an antibody encounters an antigen for which it is specific; rapidly forms
Term
affinity
Definition
the strength of the bond between an antigen and an antibody
Term
specificity
Definition
percentage of false positive results given by a diagnostic test
Term
agglutination
Definition
antibodies cause antigens to clump together
Term
opsonization
Definition
the enhancement of phagocytosis by coating microorganisms with certain serum proteins (opsonins); also called immune adherence
Term
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Definition
the killing of antibody-coated cells by natural killer cells and leukocytes
Term
neutralization
Definition
IgG antibodies inactivate microbes by blocking their attachment to host cells and they neutralize toxins in a similar manner
Term
activation of the complement system
Definition
either IgG or IgM antibodies may trigger
Term
thymic selection
Definition
reflects a weeding-out process; T cells that will not specifically recognize self-molecules of MHC
Term
microfold cells (M cells)
Definition
intestinal cells that take up and transfer antigens to lymphocytes
Term
Peyer's patches
Definition
M cells located over; secondary lymphoid organs located on the intestinal wall
Term
antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Definition
recognition of antigens by a T cell requires that they be first processed by specialized APCs
Term
T helper cells (T [subH])
Definition
a specialized T cell that often interacts with an antigen before B cells interact with the antigen
Term
T cytotoxic cells (T [subC])
Definition
a specialized T cell that destroys infected cells presenting antigens
Term
cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)
Definition
an activated T(subC) cell; kills cells presenting endogenous antigens
Term
CD4+ and CD8+
Definition
CDs of greatest interest
Term
clusters of differentiation (CD)
Definition
T cells are also classified by certain glycoproteins on their surface
Term
T(subH)1 cells
Definition
cytokines produced by mostly activate those cells related to important elements of cellular immunity, such as delayed hypersensitivity and are also responsible for activation of macrophages
Term
T(subH)2 cells
Definition
produce cytokines that are associated primarily with the production of antibodies, especially IgE, that are important in allergic reactions
Term
endogenous antigens
Definition
generally synthesized within the cell and are mostly of viral or parasitic origin
Term
perforin
Definition
a CTL attaches to the target cell and releases pore-forming protein
Term
granzymes
Definition
proteases that induce apoptosis, are then able to enter through the pore
Term
apoptosis
Definition
programmed cell death
Term
T regulatory cells (T reg)
Definition
subset of CD4+ helper cells and are distinguished by carrying an additional CD25 molecule; primary function is to combat autoimmunity by suppressing T cells that escape deletion in the thymus without the necessary "education" to avoid reacting against the body's self
Term
dendritic cells (DCs)
Definition
characterized by long extensions called dendrites because they resemble the dendrites of nerve cells
Term
macrophages
Definition
are cells usually found in a resting state
Term
activated macrophages
Definition
a macrophage that has increased phagocytic ability and other functions after exposure to mediators released by T cells after stimulation by antigens
Term
natural killer (NK) cells
Definition
a lymphoid cell that destroys tumor cells and virus-infected cells
Term
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Definition
the killing of antibody-coated cells by natural killer cells and leukocytes
Term
cytokines
Definition
communication required is mediated by chemical messengers called:
Term
interleukins (IL)
Definition
cytokines that serve as communicators between leukocytes are known as:
Term
chemokines
Definition
a family of small cytokines that induces migration of leukocytes into areas of infection or tissue damage
Term
interferons (IFN)
Definition
a specific group of cytokines; alpha- and beta-IFNs are antiviral proteins produced by certain animal cells in response to a viral infection; gamma-IFN stimulates macrophage activity
Term
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Definition
cytokines are a strong factor in inflammatory reactions of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis
Term
hematopoietic cytokines
Definition
family of cytokines; function in controlling the pathways by which stem cells develop into different red or white blood cells
Term
cytokine storm
Definition
feedback loop occasionally gets out of control, resulting in a harmful overproduction of cytokines
Term
primary response
Definition
antibody production in resonse to the first contact with an antigen
Term
secondary response
Definition
(or memory response or amnestic response) a rapid rise in antibody titer following exposure to an antigen after the primary response to that antigen
Term
naturally acquired active immunity
Definition
develops when a person is exposed to antigens, becomes ill, and then recovers
Term
naturally acquired passive immunity
Definition
involves the natural transfer of antibodies from a mother to her infant
Term
artificially acquired active immunity
Definition
result of vaccination
Term
vaccination (also called immunization)
Definition
process of conferring immunity by administering a vaccine
Term
vaccine
Definition
a preparation of killed, inactivated, or attenuated microorganisms or toxoids to induce artificially acquired active immunity
Term
artificially acquired passive immunity
Definition
involves the injection of antibodies (rather than antigens) into the body
Term
antiserum
Definition
a blood-derived fluid containing antibodies
Term
serology
Definition
the branch of immunology that studies blood serum and antigen-antibody reactions in vitro
Term
gamma globulin
Definition
the serum fraction containing immunoglobulins (antibodies); also called immune serum globulin
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