Entirely subterranean tombs built into the hills. Known for tomb paintings and had frescos, but they weren’t very well-executed.

Fresco subjects had mythology, like Achilles killing Troylus prince of Troy. Also had horror vacuii.

Necropolis

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Tumuli, 7th-2nd Century

Etruscan

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Tomb of the Reliefs, Cerverteri, 3^rd century BC

Etruscan

  Charun (Charu)

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Fibula, Regolini-Galassi Tomb

650 BC

Etruscan

Larthia's tomb, which was filled with gold. A fibula was an ancient safety pin.

Ancient safety pin

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Tomb of the Leopards, Tarquinia

480 BC

Etruscan

-Two main themes of paintings: Joy of Life and mythology

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Tomb of Hunting and Fishing

530 BC

Etruscan

-Joie de vivre scene

-Etruscans liked nature, but didn't represent it realistically

Etruscans liked nature, but didn’t represent it very realistically

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Temple of Apollo at Veii

6th Century BC

Etruscan

-Had frontal columns and stairs, an open pediment, overhanging eaves to keep water from the mud walls, and triple cella for different Gods

-Tuscan columns were essentially doric columns with bases                                       

 -Wattle and Daub

-Terracotta roof

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Apollo terracotta acroterion

500 BC

Etruscan - Archaic

-Hollow, no marble.

-Not as much nudity in Etruscan art as Greek. They used hard lines to show muscle and clothing.

Sculpture on roof of a temple

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Man and Woman Sarcophagus, Cerveteri

520 BC

Etruscan - Archaic

-Woman is pouring wine into the man's cup while the man hold an egg in his other hand.

-Woman is dressed in Turkish style.

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Chimera of Arezzo

4th Century BC

Etruscan-Archaic

-Goat, lion, snake head

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L'Orator, from Cortona

1st Century BC

Etruscan-Hellenistic

-Etruscan man, Roman Senator (Roman hair and clothing)

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Temple of Portunas, Forum Boarium

Late 2nd Century BC

Roman Republic

-Etruscan temple; is frontally oriented, with stairs in the front and engaged columns

-Etruscan temple were largely made of concrete. Because of that, they didn't need large eaves to prevent water from the sides, like Greek mud temples would.

-Had travertine veneers to save money

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Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigena, Palestrina

Late 2nd Century BC

Roman Republic

Architect - Solon?

-7 level temple

-You had to navigate through it as the architect intended

-Temple of the “First-Born Child”

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Head of an Old Man

Mid 1st Century BC

Roman Republic

-Veristic. Roman portraiture portrayed the subjects as old men and even exaggerated them to appear older at times. Politcally, Rome was senatorial, so the political leaders would have been older, so they were portrayed that way to make it seem like they had experience and were wise.

-Julius Caesar was never an emperor, his adopted son Octavian was, though.

-Died in 44BC

-Conquered Gaul, which is modern France

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Augustus of Prima Porta

AD 14

Roman Empire

-Statue of Augustus giving a speech

          -Wears the outfit of a Roman general; breastplate has propaganda for renewed fertility; and Apollo, as Augustus likened himself to Apollo

          -Cupid and the dolphin are both symbols of Venus; ways of showing that Venus supported him as ruler

          -Idealized, as opposed to the portraiture of the Republic

Promoting the peace that came after the civil war when Augustus became the emperor of Rome

Augustus also led propaganda to promote women to have children, since they had stopped having children as much after becoming more active in the political arena

Wife of Augustus; had a copy of the Prima Porta made for herself

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Ara Pacis Augustae

13 BC

Roman Empire

-“Altar of Augustan Peace”

 -Four major images on it:

  -Two stories about the foundation of Rome (Romulus and Remus)

   -Story of Julius and Anais

 -Personification of Roma, sitting on her weapons, representing peace

     -Mother Earth, holding twins, surrounded by food and animals; fertility

-Must have at least a 2% downgrade to work

-Middle and upper class had indoor plumbing which came from lead pipes which connected to the cistern

-Crazy emperors like Nero and Caligula may have had lead poisoning

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Pont-du-Gard, Nimes, France

16 BC

Roman Empire

-Aqueduct over Gard river

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Domus Aurea (Nero's Golden House)

64 AD

Roman Empire

Architects: Severus and Celer

-“Golden House’; inside was gilded; Villa Nero built after Rome burned

          -Covered the entire Palatine hill in downtown Rome, went down a valley, and up another hill

 -Octagonal dining room in the middle had an oculus, which influenced the Pantheon

          -Emperor that succeeded Nero buried the villa and built on top of it

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Portrait of Vespasian

75 AD

Roman Empire

-More veristic than the portraits of Augustus, but not as extreme as the portraits of the Roman senators

          -Vespasian removed all but one wing of Nero’s palace and returned it to the people of Rome.

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Colosseum

70 AD

Roman Empire

-Vespasian built the Colosseum on the man-made lake Nero had built for his palace; piping and drains were still there

          -Called the Colosseum because of a colossal statue of Nero that once stood next to it

          -Colosseum isn’t its formal name, Flavian Amphitheater is

          -Was constructed by four architects, though one of them didn’t come out where he was supposed to

          -Games were typically free or very cheap as they were often put on by Senators to get votes

          -Is primarily constructed of concrete and wood, with some travertine veneering

          -Outside had Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian engaged pilasters, in that order from bottom to top. It went from the most masculine column on the bottom to the most feminine on the top to make it appear that the bottom could support the top

-Gladiators could be men or women; people that they really wanted to die were tied up to posts and animals were let loose on them

-Had cages for prisoners and animals under the arena. Animals were elevated with a lift into the arena; they often built caves for them to come out of, to make it more theatrical

          -Gladiators had a practice arena across the street, with an underground tunnel to the Colosseum when it was their time to fight

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Arch of Titus

81 AD

Roman Empire

-Triumphal arch built by Titus’s brother and successor, Domitian, to commemorate Titus’s victory over the Jewish people and destruction of the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem

          -Shows Triumphal procession that was given to Titus after his victory over the Jewish people with all of the prisoners and valuable objects he had stolen

-Has variations in relief to show movement

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Floor plan of a typical Roman house

Late Republic-Early Empire

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Atrium of the House of the Vettii, Pompeii

1st Century AD

Roman Empire

Painted with true fresco made to look like masonry stones. They made it appear like all different types of stone from all over the Roman empire

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The Samnite House, Herculaneaum, Italy

Late 2nd Century BC

Roman Empire

-Shows first style of Roman Wall Painting 

More illustrative. It has garden views, city views, and can be narrative. It breaks the feel of the wall.

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Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii

50 BC

Roman Empire

-In the second style of Roman Wall painting

-Shows initiation of the Lady of the house into the mystery cult of Dionysus

      -If you were initiated into a Mystery cult, you were forbidden from speaking to anyone who hadn't been initiated into it

-Makes the wall appear very flat; has large panels with tiny images in the center

          -Has “unbuildable” architecture; has tiny, thin columns that couldn’t actually support anything

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Villa of Agrippa Postumus

11 BC

Roman Empire

Third style of Roman wall painting 

What are the characteristics of the fourth style of Roman wall painting?

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Ixion Room of the House of the Vettii

70 AD

Roman Empire

-Example of the fourth style of Roman wall painting

-Uses the faux masonry blocks of the first style on the bottom along the floor

          -Has large, monochrome panels with images in the center, but the images are much larger

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Cone Mosaic, Uruk

3000 BC

Sumerian

-Sumerians used cones, with the pointed end facing the wall

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Gnosis, Stag Hunt

Macedonian

300 BC

-Pebble mosaic

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Alexander Mosaic

1st Century BC

Roman Empire

-Uses Tessera, mosaic made with tiny stones

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Civic centers added on as needed

98-117 AD

-Highly respected son of Nerva and a military leader.

-First emperor to be born outside of Rome, was born in Spain.

-Conquered the area of Transylvania; brought Rome to its largest extent

-Created public school system and increased the welfare system

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Forum of Trajan, Rome

100 AD

Roman Empire

Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus 

-Largest forum in Rome

-Apollodorus was Trajan's military engineer and later became his architect

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Basilica Ulpia

          -When Trajan conquered Transylvania, he acquired a lot of money and brought it back to Rome and began building the Basilica Ulpia

-The Basilica cuts across the forum and has two apses (rounded end) with a statue of the emperor in either end. Court preceding took place in the apses. Had two libraries behind it, one Greek and one Roman, and a large column in between them telling of Trajan’s victory in Transylvania. Influenced Christian churches (basilicas).

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Trajan's Column

112 AD

Roman Empire

-Giant column behind the basilica with a continuous narrative running up it recording the wars of Dacia (Transylvania)

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Markets of Trajan

100 AD

Roman Empire

         -Had proto-flying buttresses which were used to hold up groin vaults

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Pantheon

-Closely inspired by the Parthenon

          -Says “Marcus Agrippa built this”; Hadrian built it and had that added to honor Marcus Agrippa

          -Three sections: porch, intermediary block directly behind porch, and the rotunda

          -Was used as an audience hall for Hadrian; no other recorded functions

          -To make sure the dome was supported, they used very heavy concrete around the base of the rotunda and used lighter concrete at the top. Used volcanic ash for the dome, since it was very light. Oculus also helps to hold up the dome; ring around the oculus forces the weight back down to the drum.

          -Interior of the rotunda is covered in stone from all over the Roman empire

-Has oculus and coffers

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Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius

175 AD

Roman Empire

-Only surviving bronze equestrian statue

          -Was originally thought to be Constantine

          -Idealized 

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Portraits of the Four Tetrachs

305 AD

Architect: Porphry

Late Empire

-Represents the Tetrarchy as four identical men

Diocletion and the Division of the Empire

Four men running the empire

      -2 Augusti that ruled the East and the West

      -2 Caesars; junior emperors that would take the place of the Augusti once they retired

      -Tetrarchy fell apart under Constantine

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Portrait of Constantine

315 AD

 Late Empire

          -Had large eyes to look spiritual

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Arch of Constantine

315 AD

          -Next to the Colosseum/Arch of Titus

          -Three arches

          -Largest Triumphal arch ever made

-Three arches do not represent the Trinity; they were probably necessary to support such a big arch

-Has spoila. He used elements from monuments of Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius. They were Rome's three greatest leaders and this honored them and showed that Constantine had dominion over the land they had once ruled.

313 AD

Made Christianity legal in Rome. 

Constantine's religion is not known. He donated equally to all religions. He was baptised before death, but that may have been his sister's doing, since they were Christian.

To claim Christianity would have been political suicide.

Taking elements from monuments of previous leaders and adding them to a new monument