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| concerned with the way individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influence by others |
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| occur almost instantly, appearance influence perception of competence |
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| widely held beliefs that people of a certain group have certain characteristics |
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| occurs when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen |
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| widely held beliefs that people of a certain group have certain characteristics |
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| evolutionary perspective of social psychology |
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| perception swayed by attractiveness was because attractiveness was associated with reproductive potential in women and health/vigor in men |
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| inferences that people draw about the causes of events, other's behavior and their own behavior |
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| ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings |
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| ascribe the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints |
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| make the fundamental attribution error which is when observers bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others' behavior. observers tend to attribute the behavior to internal causes, actors attribute it to external causes |
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| when observing bad situations, observers are even more likely to attribute it to the actors carelessness of stupidity because if it is due to external forces, it means it could happen to them. leads to the derogation of victims of misfortune |
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| tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and failures to situational factors, grows as time after an event passes |
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| cultural influence of attribution |
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| collectivism patterns- self effacing in success, less prone to fundamental attribution error. individualism patterns-high incidence of self serving bias |
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| positive feelings toward one another |
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| matching hypothesis of physical attraction |
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| males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners |
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| dating partners gradually modify their attitudes to make them more conguent |
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| liking those who show they like you |
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| people are bias towards their partner and are constantly reevaluate how close their partners come to their ideals |
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| beliefs that people hold about the object of thought |
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| emotional feelings that re stimulated by an object of thought |
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| predispositions to act in a certain way toward an attitude thought |
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| attitudes and behavior correlation |
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| .41, relatively small, behavior is affected by situational constraints |
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| learning theory of attitude |
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| classical conditioning-effect the emotional component. operant conditioning-when you openly express your attitude, observational learning from family |
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| dissonance theory of attitude formation |
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| assumes that inconsistency among attitudes propels people in the direction of attitude change. cognitiive dissonance- exists when related cognitions are inconsistent and why people can come to believe their own lies. example: people that wait for 60 minutes for their food at a restaurant are more likely to praise the restaurants food to justify how long they waited |
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| self perception theory of attitude formation |
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| people infer their attitudes from their behavior. "if i said it, it must be true" |
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| when people yield to real or imagined social pressure |
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| Milligram's studies of conformity |
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| troubles by obedience of Nazis to Hitler in the holocaust.. "I was just following orders" .. people told to punish a learner by authority to the point of death. When moved off of Yale's campus the amount of obedience declined |
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| Stanford Prison Simulations |
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| from class, dehumanization and social rules are redefined and the guards come to believe that the situation in real and they can do whatever they want to the "bad" prisoners |
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| people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone, diffusion of responsibility |
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| individuals productivity declines in larger groups |
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| groups are thought to make compromises until extreme views have been cancelled out, BUT groups actually arrive at riskier decisions and people tend to take sides that are well defined |
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| when members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision |
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| Foot in the Door technique |
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| after complying with a task that is relatively simple they form and image of themselves as being generally corporative, then, when presented with a more burdensome task, you seek to respond in a way that maintains this self image and are more likely to comply. it is a consistency pressure |
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| A two-step compliance strategy in which the influencer secures agreement with a request by understating the true cost at the beginning, getting all ready to go through with it and then increases the cost at the last minute. people are more likely to go through with it anyway because the person makes a personal commitment and then visualizes themselves leaving with a new car and minimizes the difference in cost in their mind. the request stays the same but the cost increases |
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| effect of heat on violence |
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| as heat increases, so does the occurrence of violent crimes |
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| negative attitudes towards people of a certain group |
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| behaving differently towards members of a certain group |
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| Arch's Study of Conformity |
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| basic premise: that people will not conform to a group if they are clearly wrong. but when people were asked simple questions most of the time they conformed at least once to the group that gave all wrong answers |
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| Arch's Study of Conformity |
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| basic premise: that people will not conform to a group if they are clearly wrong. but when people were asked simple questions most of the time they conformed at least once to the group that gave all wrong answers |
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| factors that influence conformity |
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| conformity is reduced when there is another non conforming ally and when the response is private. it is increased when the group is cohesive and of high status and the task is ambiguous |
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| bystander intervention model |
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| 1. we have to notice that something unusual is going on 2. decide something is wrong and that help is needed 3. decide the extent to which it is our responsibility to help 4. decide what reaction is appropriate and whether we are able capable of doing it |
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| negative state relief model |
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| normally people in a good mood are more helpful, but in this case-people in a really bad mood may want to help to make themselves feel better |
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| prejudices and division increase between two groups when there is competition introduced. done in a camp settting with two groups of boys |
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| pay attention to behavior that confirms our stereotypes and ignore behavior that contradicts it |
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