Term
1. Blood glucose levels are maintained at levels necessary for normal brain function by:
(okay, I can see why you would check storing glucose, even though its normally not a problem, but it's logical)
a. storing glucose as glycogen
b. increasing hepatic glucose output
c. increasing insulin release
d. decreasing cortisol levels |
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Definition
| a. storing glucose as glycogen |
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Term
2. The ability to concentrate urine is largely a result of:
a. the length of the loop of Henle
b. oncotic pressure
c. constriction of the afferent arteriole
d. the peritubular capillary pressure |
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Definition
| a. the length of the loop of Henle |
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Term
3. A person with type I diabetes mellitus forgets to take her insulin. Thus causes:
a. alkalosis
b. hyperglycemia
c. decreased urine production
d. decreased appetite. |
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Definition
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Term
4. The highest percentage of glomerular filtrate reabsorption occurs in:
a. Bowmans capsule
b. proximal tubule
c. thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
d. distal tubule |
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Definition
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Term
. Blood gas values of compensated condition, 7.34 (pH), 31 (bicarb), 60 (pCO2):
a. metabolic alkalosis
b. metabolic acidosis
c. respiratory alkalosis
d. respiratory acidosis |
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Definition
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Term
The primary compensatory mechanism for respiratory acidosis is:
a. increased renal reabsorption of bicarb
b. decreased renal reabsorption of bicarb
c. increased respiration
d. decreased renal excretion of hydrogen ions |
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Definition
| a. increased renal reabsorption of bicarb |
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Term
. Constriction of the renal efferent glomerular arterioles tends to ________renal blood flow and ________ glomerular filtration rate.
a. increase; increase
b. decrease; increase
c. increase; decrease
d. decrease; decrease |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements is MOST correct? Bilateral transection section of the vagus nerve prevents gastric acid secretion in response to:
a. olfactory sensory stimulation.
b. distention of the stomach.
c. circulation gastrin.
d. the products of protein catabolism in the duodenum. |
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Definition
a. olfactory sensory stimulation.
b. distention of the stomach. |
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Term
Movements of the longitudinal muscles of the GI tract are largely regulated by the:
a. submucosal plexus
b. myenteric plexus
c. luminal plexus
d. sacral nerves |
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Definition
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Term
. Hydrochloric acid is largely a result of the:
a. parietal cells
b. G cells
c. chief cells
d. release of secretin |
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Definition
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Term
. A patient is suffering from Cushings syndrome as a result of an adrenal tumor. In this patient you would NOT expect to find:
a. Osteoporosis.
b. High plasma ACTH.
c. High blood pressure.
d. Poor wound healing. |
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Definition
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Term
An autoimmune disease resulting in destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells will lead to:
a. hypoglycemia and diuresis.
b. reduced ketone body formation in the liver.
c. enhanced protein storage in muscle.
d. increased levels of circulating fatty acids. |
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Definition
| d. increased levels of circulating fatty acids. |
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Term
Hyposecretion (abnormally low levels) of cortisol are associated with
a. goiter
b. diabetes mellitus
c. Addisons disease
d. Cushings disease |
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Definition
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Term
What is the primary purpose of thte liver in aiding digestion?
a. produces digestive enzymes
b. produces alkaline solution to neutralize stomach acidity
c. produces bile to emulsify fats in the small intestine
d. produces compounds to aid the large intestine in water absorption |
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Definition
| c. produces bile to emulsify fats in the small intestine |
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Term
. Which of the following would explain internal male genitalia and external female genitalia?
a. lack of MIS
b. lack of functioning Leydig cells
c. increased testosterone
d. increased estrogen |
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Definition
| b. lack of functioning Leydig cells |
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Term
Which of the following would explain internal male genitalia and external female genitalia?
a. lack of MIS
b. lack of functioning Leydig cells
c. increased testosterone
d. increased estrogen |
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Definition
| b. lack of functioning Leydig cells |
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Term
. A female patient comes to your cliniC. She has difficulty in keeping her hands and feet warm (probably through an increased vasoconstriction) and she is losing hair on her head while increasing the growth of facial hair. Present a single physiological mechanism that would account for all of the symptoms
a. decreased angiotensin II
b. decreased p450c21
c. decreased testosterone
d. decreased GnRH |
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Definition
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Term
. Blood gas values of compensated condition, 7.47 (pH), 14 (bicarb), 20 (pCO2):
a. metabolic alkalosis
b. metabolic acidosis
c. respiratory alkalosis
d. respiratory acidosis |
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Definition
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Term
A pituitary tumor interferes with FSH secretion. How would this affect a young male?
a. He would develop a feminine body contour
b. He would not be able to produce sperm
c. He would not be able to have an erection
d. Delay activity of the developing Leydig cells |
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Definition
| b. He would not be able to produce sperm |
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Term
. The pancrease secretes enzymes that enter the small intestine and chemically digest chyme. Choose the enzyme that breaks down fats:
a. carboxypeptidase
b. pancreatic lipase
c. trypsinogen
d. pancreatic amylase |
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Definition
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Term
. Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata (primarily glucocorticoid production) of the adrenal cortex would result in
a. decreased levels of testosterone in the blood
b. increased volume of urine formation
c. decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood
d. decreased ability to convert lipids to glucose |
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Definition
| d. decreased ability to convert lipids to glucose |
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Term
. What does an ovulated oocyte first come into contact with (it's pretty hard to argue that the oviduct isn't a generic name for the whole thing, so I'll take that as well)
a. uterine tube
b. fimbriae
c. uterus
d. oviduct |
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Definition
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Term
The extrinsic innervation of the intestine consists of:
a. the VII and IX cranial nerves.
b. neurons in the myenteric plexus
c. the enteric nervous system
d. the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. |
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Definition
| d. the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. |
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Term
. Feedback regulation of adrenocorticotrophin secretion is via:
a. Aldosterone
b. Cortisol
c. Dehydroepiandrosterone
d. Glucagon |
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Definition
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Term
. The main effect of insulin on glucose metabolism is:
a. increase glucose utilization by the brain
b. increase glucose utilization by adipose tissue
c. to increase glucose utilization by muscle and decrease glucose production by the liver
d. all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
. Activities of the digestive system are generally increased by ________ nervous stimulation:
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic
c. somatic |
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Definition
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Term
Bile salts are secreted into what region of the small intestine?
a. Jejunem
b. Duodenum.
c. Ileum.
d. Splanchnic Circulation. |
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Definition
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Term
. Puberty does not normally occur in humans under the age of 8 years because before that age: (I'll accept two answers since the pituitary does NOT but not necessarily cannot manufacture gonadotropins. it's a pretty obscure detail)
a. the ovaries and testes are unresponsive to gonadotropins
b. the pituitary cannot manufacture adequate amounts of gonadotropins
c. the pituitary has not fully developed
d. the hypothalamus fails to secrete GnRH |
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Definition
b. the pituitary cannot manufacture adequate amounts of gonadotropins
d. the hypothalamus fails to secrete GnRH |
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Term
. At birth, an ovary contains all the oocytes it will ever have.
a. true
b. false |
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Definition
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Term
. Your patient has been on a hunger strike for a week. Compared to normal they will have:
a. decreased circulating catecholamines
b. increase glycogen synthesis in the liver
c. elevated plasma glucose
d. increased release of fatty acids from adipose tissue |
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Definition
| d. increased release of fatty acids from adipose tissue |
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Term
Glucagon stimulates
(okay, I mistyped the answer)
a. lipolysis in adipocytes.
b. glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle.
c. gluconeogenesis in adrenals by stimulating cortisol production.
d. glucose uptake in all cells. |
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Definition
a. lipolysis in adipocytes.
b. glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle. |
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Term
. Which of the following is NOT a function of progesterone
a. increases body temperature through the hypothalamus
b. regulates the number of estrogen receptors
c. helps (along w/ LH) regulate ovulation
d. increases spontaneous muscle contraction along w/ relaxin |
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Definition
| d. increases spontaneous muscle contraction along w/ relaxin |
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Term
. In a man undergoing surgery, it was necessary to aspirate the contents of the upper gastro-intestinal tract. After surgery, the following values were obtained from an arterial blood sample: pH 7.55, PCO2 52 mm Hg and HCO3- 40 mmol/l. What is the underlying disorder?
a. metabolic alkalosis
b. metabolic acidosis
c. respiratory alkalosis
d. respiratory acidosis |
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Definition
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Term
Mullerian Inhibitory substance is released from the developing
a. Leydig cells
b. Sertoli cells
c. Granulosa cells
d. Theca cells |
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Definition
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Term
Bile salts are reabsorbed in what region of the small intestine?
a. Jejunem.
b. Duodenum.
c. Ileum.
d. Splanchnic Circulation. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements is FALSE about cortisol?
a. Inflammatory responses to antigens are reduced in its presence.
b. It supports the mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue.
c. Cortisol synthesis is localized to the adrenal medullA.
d. Synthesis is increased by adrenocorticotrophin hormone. |
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Definition
| c. Cortisol synthesis is localized to the adrenal medullA. |
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Term
Which of the following are NOT considered glucoregulatory hormones:
a. insulin
b. glucagons
c. aldosterone
d. growth hormone |
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Definition
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Term
. Protein digestion primarily initiated where and by:
a. stomach, pepsin
b. stomach, lipase
c. duodenum, amylase
d. duodenum pepsin |
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Definition
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