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| oldest found in germany and date back around 400,000 |
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acheulean site in kenya (east africa) in great rift valley. ancient lake basin that dates back to 1 mil or 900,000 yra. around lake basin there is hand axes, cleavers, and other acheaulean tools. leakys were involved in excavation |
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often associated with homo erectus, not sure if they created it neanderthals had fire too evidence of fire comes from hearths |
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| early fire site in northern china |
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| early fire site. 1.6 mya. evidence of fire from red stains |
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| south africa dates 1.0 mya. burned bones were found of animals and australopithecines |
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| site of acheulean tools, 6 kinds of burned wood and burned flint |
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neander germany 1856. 100,000-30,000 most dated to the Wurm typical caveman |
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early part of the last ice age 70,000-35,000 |
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| mitochondrial dna variation |
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| determined neanderthals were more to the east then originally thought |
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| bump on the back of the skull |
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| neanderthal physical chars. |
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| larger brains then modern humans, large nasal cavities, faces large and protruding, big brow ridges, no chin, large teeth, stood upright, short, large body mass, powerful, no modern speech |
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| argued that the large teeth and face were an adaptation for tools, like chewing on hide. |
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| gene found in neanderthals that control facial movement dealing with speech |
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| thought the neanderthal bones were a diseased modern human |
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| 1868 ancient rock shelter, deals with neanderthals. |
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| 1908 found neanderthal remains. said sub human, cant walk upright, stooped over, not direct descendent of modern humans. |
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| name that meant neanderthals were not descendents of homo sapiens |
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| homo sapiens neanderthalensis |
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| name meant they were subspecies of modern humans. |
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| neanderthal specimen in early 1900 discovered by boule. said they were sub human. named homo neanderthalensis. it had arthritis. |
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| reanalyzed the la chappele-aux-saints and classified it as homo neanderthalensis because it could be the direct ancestor of modern human |
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| (flower burial) neanderthal fossils discovered by solecki in northern iraq |
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| middle paleolithic, associated with neanderthals and modern huans. named after mousterian tools. |
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| point-spear tips, lavallois core (where they chipped off points and blades), scappers, ornaments |
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| canadian that studied the San in the Kalahari (bushmen) |
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| site in France, 70,000 yr old neanderthal. neanderthals had ritual of killing and burying bears. |
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| lived on island of hokio. believed in bear rituals. |
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| multiregional- interbreeding took place, homo sapiens grew grew and evolved over the world. spread out of africa. |
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| out of africa 2 (eve theory)- homo sapiens came from one place in africa and took over other groups because they were superior. 100,000-200,000 yrs ago. |
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| articel on mitochondrial dna- said the san had the most variation. |
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| expert on neanderthal DNA. neanderthal and human dna split around 500,00 yr ago |
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| rhodesian man/broken hill man |
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| zambia, south africa, by mining operation. big brow ridges. only 30,000 yr old. |
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| wrote book on origin of races, supported out of africa 2 theory |
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| Klasies river mouth (KRM) |
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| south africa, homo sapien jaw and skull bones between 125,000-70,000 yra |
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| site found in 1960s. homo sapien remains dated with ar/ar technique to 195,000 yra. |
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| site w/ homo sapien remains. ar/ar dating to 160,000-154,000. found in 2003. given sub species name homo sapiens idalta becasue they differ a little. |
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| adipithecus, australopithecines, homo, oldest stone tools, homo erectus, homo sapiens, |
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| other evidence that supports african 2 theory |
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specimens in africa are older than ones found outside blombos cave-south africa grottes des pigeons-north africa in morocco katanda-east central africa in the congo |
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europe date 35,000-10,000 yra, associated iwth cro magnon people (oldest art 35,000) africa date over 40,000 found in Blombos cave-75,000 yra (oldest art 75,000) grottes des pigeons-82,000 yra |
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modern livng human is 8 mutations modern human and neanderthal is 26 mutations |
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| tools found in cave, cranium of individual, limestone cave on island of flores in eastern indonesia. komoto dragon remains. 38,000-18,000 yra. |
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| found on island of florens. called hobbits, 90,000 yra new ones around 12,000. microcephaly-small head |
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| 35/40,000-10,000. lived under rock shelters and other shelters, made spears, needles, beads, spear throwers, and other advanced tools. |
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| modern humans in the upper paleolithics. not specifc species just includes them all in that time. |
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| type of stone flak that used for engraving |
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| capital of upper paleolithic archeological research |
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| 1st in upper paleolithic sequence. bone points with split bases to help attach to shafts |
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| 2nd in upper paleo sequence. venus figurines. 26-27,000 yra |
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| 3rd in upper paleo sequence. stone artifacts, spear points. |
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| 4th in upper paleo. cave art. |
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| cave art first discovered. spain. |
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| france, digging potatoe cellar and found cave paintings. |
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| went into lascaux and the locations of paintings were because of social rules, symbols represent females were under males and such. |
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| said the cave engravings matched lunar cycles and that they had lunar calanders. |
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| south african expert on cave art. art represented shamanism. lascaux dated to about 17,000 and oldest cave paintings are 32-34,000 yr old. |
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| entrance 120 below sea level. first paintings are 27,000 and another group are 18/19,000 yro. shows sea creatures not shown in others. |
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| oldest art in europe dating 32/34,000. shows lots of rhinos, bears, lions. |
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| australia, oldest cremation site 40,000. australia was settled between 45/60,000 |
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| by african american riding a horse. extinct form of bison. point still in the bone. point known as folsom point. clovis points were under it which were 11,700 yra. |
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| 12,800/19,000 clovis in a rockshelter |
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| clovis finds, 18,000 yra. |
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| 80,000 s. china. tools resemble hand axes |
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| 1.75 mya. republic of georgia. stone tools, |
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| 800,000 spain. old part 800,000 is gran dolina, recent part is the pit of bones 300,000 |
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| 500,000 south england. achulian hand axe site. evidence of hunting. |
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| 400,000 east germany. very well made wooden spears. |
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| acheological study of trying to find how they died. |
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| eating the meat while still on the bone. |
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| east africa to india and europe. hand axes and other tools. |
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