Term
| Which school of thought blames the individuals themselves for their poverty? |
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Definition
| structural functional perspective |
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Term
| It is argued in our class that most of the time, most of oyur life is controlled by? (this is what stops us from wearing a bathing suit to class) |
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Definition
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Term
| The rise and fall of Roman, Greek, and Eygptian cultures is an example of? |
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Definition
| Society as a living organism |
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Term
| According to Herbet Spencer amd other structural functionlists, societies change in a number of ways. What is one way they dont change? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who said that festivals are necesary to re-activate the society? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to structural Functional Perspective, legitamizetion of social, economic, and political structure leads to? |
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Definition
| Social integration into a society |
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Term
| how would structural functionalists view the civil Rights movement in the US |
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Definition
| It was a temoorary imbalence in the US |
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Term
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Definition
SOCIAL ORGANICISM
C GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
C INCREASE IN SIZE LEADING TO INCREASE IN COMPLEXITY AND DIFFERENTIATION
C DIFFERENTIATION IN STRUCTURE LEADING TO DIFFERENTIATION IN FUNCTION |
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Term
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Definition
lClassification of individuals into various socially recognizable different groups. Such classifications may include social class, race, ethnicity, religion, gender, and age. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of ranking individuals in terms of their access to, and possession of, the things valued by their society |
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Term
|
Definition
lBrahmans (from mouth)
lKhashtriyas (from arms)
lVaisyas (from thighs)
lShudras (from feet)
lHarijans (outcastes) |
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Term
| Davis and Moore on Social Inequality |
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Definition
lNo society is classless
lStratification is functional necessity
lCertain positions are more important and require special talent, skills, and training
lSocial systems develop means to assign occupational positions
lSocial systems develop mechanisms to fill various occupational positions
lMotivation to succeed |
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Term
| Criticism on social diff. |
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Definition
lFunctional significance is a cultural phenomenon
lUnequal access to resources
lStratification leads to status quo
lDevelopment of favorable self images
lProduces conflict rather than integration in society |
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Term
| I. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) |
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Definition
A.Social Solidarity
B.Anomie
C.Durkheim and Social Inequality
1.Division of labor
2.Internal and external inequality
3.Class revolution
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Term
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Definition
a)Simple division of labor
b)Homogenous
c)Similarity of individuals
d)Collective conscience
e)Individual ego not prominent |
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Term
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Definition
a)Complex division of labor
b)Differences
c)Interdependence
d)Increased individualism
e)Dehumanization |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1.Impersonality
2.Hierarchy
3.Written system of rules
4.Clear division of labor
5.Contains precision, speed, unambiguity, knowledge, unity, produces less friction and is low cost |
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Term
|
Definition
1.Rational-Legal Authority
2.Traditional Authority
3.Charismatic Authority |
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Term
1.Classes: Position of an individual in the market that determines their class position |
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Definition
a)Property Classes
b)Social Classes
Commercial Classes |
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Term
2.Status: All aspects of life determined by a social estimation of honor |
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Definition
a)Restricted pattern of social interaction
b)Sharing the benefits within groups
c)Status conventions and traditions
d)Monopoly over certain economic opportunities |
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Term
|
Definition
±The conflict theorists believe that society is a complex system characterized by inequality and conflict that generates social change. |
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Term
| Main Features of conflict perspecitve |
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Definition
±Various parts of social system do not fit together harmoniously
±Social order through force
±Competing goals of individuals leads to conflicts
± Limited resources lead to conflicts
±Conflict is the major source of real change in society
±Conflict theorists try to analyze who benefits from particular social arrangements |
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Term
|
Definition
±Preclass Societies-
±Asiatic Societies
±Ancient Societies-
±Feudal Societies-
±Capitalist Societies- |
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Term
|
Definition
±Cooperation
±Manufacture
±Modern |
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Term
|
Definition
±Labor
±Means of Production
±The Raw Material |
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Term
|
Definition
±From work
±From the product
±From other workers
Self-alienation |
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Term
| karl max on conflict persepctive |
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Definition
. Evolution of Society
Capitalism
Classes in Society
Alienation |
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Term
|
Definition
±Too much emphasis on economic organizations
±Societies are not always under conflict
±Social conflict is rarely bipolarized
±Power is not always associated with property ownership
±Conflict does not always lead to social change |
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Term
|
Definition
nStable patterns of social relationships among individuals and groups in a society |
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Term
| Main Features of social organizations |
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Definition
nEstablished Structure
nCoordinated Functional Activities
nThe End (The Results)
nAgents of Ordering
nHuman Agents
nSocio-Cultural Agents |
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Term
| Operation of Social Organizations |
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Definition
nCreation of Human Relations
nProvisions of Needs and Wants
nCreation and Maintenance of Social Order
nPredictability |
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Term
|
Definition
nAll the beliefs and all the modes of conduct instituted by the collectivity (Durkheim, 1938)
nSet of Rules and Regulations that govern human needs |
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Term
| Functions of Social Institutions |
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Definition
nEconomic Activities
nSocialization
nEducation
nSocial Control
nReligion
nPreservation and Transmission of Culture |
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Term
| What Are Economic Institutions |
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Definition
wSocial organization of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in a society.
wProduction of goods
wDistribution
Consumption |
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Term
| Economic Systems of the World |
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Definition
wCapitalism
wWelfarism
wSocialism
wMeans of production are owned by the state
wProduction for use, not profit
wNo social stratification
wState is responsible for basic needs |
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Term
|
Definition
wGlobalization refers to economic and political interdependence of nations around the globe
wGlobalization of production
wInternational Trade
wInternational Finance (World Bank, IMF, World Trade Organization, NAFTA)
wCooperation among industrial nations
wThird world debt |
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Term
| Socioeconomic Consequences of Capitalism |
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Definition
wEnvironment degradation
wEconomic insecurity
wSocial inequality
wAscribed Economic Inequality
wInheritance of property
wInheritance of occupations
wPolitics of Inequality
wEducation and Economic Inequality
wLegal systems and Economic Inequality
Advertising and Consumerism
wCreate perceived desire or needs for products that are not necessary
wPlanned artificial obsolescence
wInfluence on the contents of mass media
wOver-emphasis on consumer goods and services (leading to alienation?) |
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Term
|
Definition
¨AN INTERRELATED NETWORK OR SYSTEM OF BELIEFS, ACTIVITIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND RELATIONSHIPS THAT DIRECTS AND REGULATES THE COLLECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF A SOCIETY OR OTHER ORGANIZATIONS |
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Term
COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS
of policital institutions |
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Definition
¨COMPONENTS
¨ 1. STATE
¨ 2. GOVERNMENT
¨ 3. POLITICAL PARTIES
¨D. FUNCTIONS
¨ 1. EXTERNAL PROTECTION
¨ 2. INTERNAL ORDER
¨ 3. PROTECTION AGAINST NATURAL DISASTERS
¨ 4. ECONOMIC SUPPORT
¨ 5. BENEFIT ALLOCATION
¨ 6. PUBLIC SERVICES
¨ 7. LEGITIMACY PROMOTION |
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Term
|
Definition
¨THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) - humans are naturally evil
¨ b. JOHN LOCKE (1632-1740)- humans are niether good nor bad
¨ c. JEAN ROUSSEAU (1712-1778)- humans are naturally good |
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Term
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Definition
¨ a. SOCIAL POWER IN ALL SOCIETIES IS IN THE FEW HANDS KNOWN AS ELITES
¨ b. ELITES CONTROL THE MAJOR RESOURCES
¨ c. ELITES ALWAYS ENDEAVOR TO PROTECT AND PRESERVE THEIR POWER
¨ d. THEY USE MEANS TO RULE THE SOCIETY
¨ e. THEY ARE USUALLY INVISIBLE IN LARGE SOCIETIES AND COMPLEX GOVERNMENTS
¨ f. DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES ARE ALWAYS RESISTED BY THE ELITES |
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Term
|
Definition
| THE PLURALIST MODEL SUGGESTS THAT INTEREST GROUPS AND LOBBYISTS WHO DO NOT REPRESENT ANY POLITICAL PARTY PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DECISION MAKING PROCESS AT LOCAL AND NATIONAL LEVEL |
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Term
| MACHIAVELLI (1469 - 1527) |
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Definition
¨a. MERCY, FAITH, INTEGRITY, HUMANITY, AND RELIGION SHOULD BE USED AS TOOLS
¨ b. USE OF FORCE AND CRUELTY TO MAINTAIN ORDER
¨ c. AVOID NEUTRALITY
¨ d. VICIOUSNESS, GREED, CRUELTY, AND LUST
¨ e. CUNNING LIKE A FOX AND FORCEFUL LIKE A LION
¨ f. USE OF THREAT OF ATTACK BY OUTSIDER TO RULE
5. CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE |
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Term
|
Definition
| SOCIAL ORGANIZATION RESPONSIBLE FOR TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, BELIEFS, AND VALUES FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER |
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Term
|
Definition
| THE PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING SOCIALLY APPROPRIATE BELIEFS AND BEHAVIOR PATTERNS TO AN INDIVIDUAL (WALLACE AND WALLACE, 1989) |
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Term
| BIOLOGICAL BASES OF SOCIALIZATION |
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Definition
INSTINCTS
· CHILDHOOD DEPENDENCE
· CAPACITY TO LEARN
· LANGUAGE |
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Term
THEORIES ON SOCIALIZATION
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Definition
| "I" IS CONSCIOUS, SPONTANEOUS, AND CREATIVE PART OF THE SELF. THIS PORTION OF PERSONALITY PROVIDES PAIN AND PLEASURE. THE "ME" ARISES FROM SOCIAL INTERACTION. THE ME MAKES ONE AWARE OF HOW ONE APPEARS TO OTHERS. |
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Term
|
Definition
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
2. PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
3. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
4. FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE |
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Term
| FUNCTIONAL APPROACH to education |
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Definition
TRANSMISSION OF CULTURE
B. AWARENESS
C. COGNITIVE SKILLS
D. SCREENING, SORTING, AND SELECTING TALENT
E. DICOVERIES AND INVETIONS
F. DISCIPLINE |
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Term
| CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE on education |
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Definition
PROMOTION OF CONSERVATISM AND BIASED VALUES
B. CLASS BASED EDUCATION
C. EDUCATION AS A COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE
D. FALSE EDUCATION (HIDDEN AGENDA)
E. CREATION OF ADULTS WHO ARE LOYAL, OBEDIENT, SUBMISSIVE, AND WITH RIGHT ATTITUDE
F. STRENGTHENS CYCLE OF POVERTY
G. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND WOMEN
H. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND RACE |
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Term
|
Definition
Social creation of arbitrary grouping of individuals in a society based on the color of their skin |
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Term
|
Definition
Total quota was increased from 540,000 to 700,000 per year
2. In 1995 this quota will be reduced to 675,000 per year
3. 140,000 visas per year for special occupation al groups (scientists, professors, doctors, engineers, etc.)
10,000 visas per year for individuals who can invest 500,000 dollars into the U.S.
5. Special quota was set aside for under-represented countries. For example, 16,000 visas are set aside for persons from Ireland |
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Term
|
Definition
•Disadvantaged
•Socially visible
•Sense of common affinity
•Placed in Minority category by others
•Friends and spouse from the same groups |
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Term
|
Definition
Rigid, negative, and false generalizations about an entire category of people |
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Term
|
Definition
| Systematic and institutionalized discrimination against one or more races |
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Term
|
Definition
| A state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Learning of the language, values, norms, and skills of a majority population |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gradual adoption of culture of larger group leading to a complete loss of distinct racial identity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Physical and social separation of certain categories of people |
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Term
|
Definition
| Systematic annihilation of one category of people by another |
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Term
|
Definition
| The feelings of frustration and rage against injustices and oppression are directed to minorities |
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Term
| Authoritarian Personality |
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Definition
Intolerant to one and all minorities
2. Very rigid to conventional cultural values
3. Competition and Hierarchy are considered Natural
4. No flexibility (Adorno 1950) |
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Term
|
Definition
Culture of Prejudice
2. English, Canadian, and Scottish v. French, German, Swedes, Dutch, African, and
Asians (Bogardus 1968) |
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Term
|
Definition
Prejudice and economic power
2. Oppression
3. Elites encourage prejudice to divide the working class |
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Term
|
Definition
1. ABSOLUTE POVERTY REFERS TO A SITUATION WHEN A HOUSEHOLD CANNOT MAINTAIN SOME MINIMUM STANDARD OF LIVING (WORLD BANK, 1997)
2.FROM A HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE, POVERTY MEANS THE DENIAL OF CHOICES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR A TOLERABLE LIFE (WORLD BANK, 1997) |
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Term
1.ECONOMIC INDICATORS on poverty |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
LONGEVITY
i. INFANT MORTALITY RATE
ii. CHILD MORTALITY
iii. LIFE EXPECTANCY
B. ACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE
i. LITERACY RATES
ii. EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS
STANDARD OF LIVING
i. ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES
ii. ACCESS TO SAFE WATER
iii. PERCENT OF MALNOURISHED CHILDREN
iv. OVERALL CONDITION OF THE LIVING UNIT |
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Term
|
Definition
RURAL
A.LANDLESS LABORERS
B.TENANTS
C.SMALL FARMERS
D.ALL RURAL PEOPLE IN AREAS WITH SCARCE LAND, LOW PRODUCTION, DROUGHTS, FLOODS
2. PEOPLE IN URBAN SLUMS
3. WOMEN
4. CHILDREN
5. SENIOR CITIZENS |
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Term
|
Definition
POPULATION
ii. ORGANIZATION
iii. ENVIRONMENTS
iv. TECHNOLOGY |
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Term
|
Definition
POLITICS OF HUNGER
a. GOVERNMENT POLICIES
b. POVERTY
c. DEFENSE BUDGET
d. POLITICAL CORRUPTION
2. ECONOMICS OF HUNGER
a. WORLD SYSTEM
b. UNEMPLOYMENT
c. ECONOMIC INEQUALITY
d. FOOD CROPS VERSUS CASH CROPS
e. POOR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
f. LACK OF STORAGE FACILITIES
. CULTURE AND HUNGER
i. INDIVIDUALISM AND HUNGER
ii. ETHNIC WARS AND HUNGER
iii. ILLITERACY
iv. WASTAGE OF FOOD
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Term
| POET MODEL AND HUNGER CONT. |
|
Definition
ENVIRONMENT
1. LACK OF RESOURCES
2. CLIMATE
3. DEPLETION OF SOIL
4. LOW PRODUCTIVITY IN AGRICULTURE
C. TECHNOLOGY
1. LACK OF TECHNOLOGY
2. TRANSFER OF INAPPROPRIATE
TECHNOLOGY
D. POPULATION |
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Term
|
Definition
1.Legal Description
2.Intentional Act
3.Violation of Written Criminal Law
4.Committed without Defense
Penalized by the State |
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Term
|
Definition
1.Biological Theories
1.Lombroso and Followers
2.Recent Theories
1.Sugar Intake
2.Vitamin Deficiency
3.Hormonal Influences
4.XYY Syndrome
5.Twin Studies
6.Adoption Studies
7.Social Biology |
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Term
|
Definition
1.Id (Animalistic)
2.Superego (Socialized)
3.Ego (Compromise between Id and Superego) |
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Term
|
Definition
1.Anomie Theories
2.Differential Association
3.Labeling Theory
1.Labeling of Act
Labeling of Individual
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
a. Economic Classes
b. Classes Leading to Poverty
c. Poverty Leads to Crime
d. Socialism Eliminates most Crimes
William Bonger (1876-1940)
a. Criminal Law and the Ruling Class
b. Capitalism and Selfish Individualism
c. Capitalism, Poverty, and Crime
d. All Groups Commit Crimes but the
Rich are Rarely Caught and Punished
e. Socialism Eliminates most Crimes
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Term
|
Definition
1.Bribery
2.Government Contracts
3.Political Crimes
4.Business Crimes
1.Monopoly
2.Misrepresentation in Advertising
3.Copy Rights
4.Illegal Labor Practices
5.Insurance Fraud
6.Income Tax Fraud
7.Fraud in Legal Profession
8.Fraud in Stock Market |
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Term
|
Definition
i. Primary role of a woman is as a wife and mother
ii. Very limited role for women in Synagogue
iii. Segregation of women from men |
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Term
|
Definition
i. Primary role of a woman is as a wife and mother
ii. Church leadership
iii. Participation of women in the work force |
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Term
|
Definition
i. Woman as subordinate
ii. Extreme segregation
iii. Very limited role in economic activities
iv. Political, religious, and other leadership roles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
i. Division of labor
ii. Instrumental v. Expressive Roles
iii. Male should be dominant and competent
iv. Female should be passive and nurturing |
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Term
| Conflict Perspective (Marx and Engels, 1942) |
|
Definition
i. No gender inequality in hunter- gatherer societies
ii. Domination by men of critical resources
iii. Economic inequality during industrialization
iv. Functional to Dysfunctional
v. Socialism eliminates gender inequality |
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Term
|
Definition
lSex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935, 1963)
–Arapesh- raised kids with feminine charecteristcs, kids gentle
–Mundugumor - raised kids wit identical roles in a harsh society, led to canibalism
–Tchambuli- men in feminine roles, women in male roles |
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Term
| Gender issues in contemporary societies |
|
Definition
E. Freedom
i. Freedom of choice
ii. Freedom of movement
iii. Freedom of entertainment, rest, and recreation
Social Inequality
i. Gender roles
ii. Preferential treatments
iii. Religion, education, politics, and medicine
iv. Institution of marriage
B. Economic inequality
i. Definition of work
ii. Limited jobs
iii. Unequal pay
iv. Working hours
v. Slow upward social mobility
C. Political inequality
i. Right to vote
ii. Right to lead
iii. Theoretical and real political rights
D. Physical and Sexual abuse
Violence against women
i. Negligence
ii. Infant mortality
iii. Selective abortion
iv. Rapes and murders
v. Sexual abuse
vi. Sexual harassment
vii. Pornography and prostitution |
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