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| the recognition of some phenomenon that occurs in the natural world (e.g., the sky is blue) |
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| testable statement that describes a relationship between two related variables. (must have depended and independent variables) |
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| any measurable characteristic or attribute that changes for several. |
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| is the factor against which the dependent variable is compared. |
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| depends on the independent variable |
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| assumes that an observation is the result of some real relationship between the two variables that includes some chance variation. |
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| a prediction believed to be true that is tested for possible rejection because it has not been proven. |
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| the process of collecting information to test a hypothesis |
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| something that we keep constant through the experiment so that it doesn't affect the outcome of the experiment; can also serve as the baseline, or test againt which the experimental variables are compared. |
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| describes what variables were measured, how they were measured, how many measurements were taken, number of replicate measurements, what controls were used, and any assumptions that were made. |
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| anything we accept as true based on incomplete information; often made about variables that were not controlled or measured in the experiment. |
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| scientists generally take great care in presenting and describing the [blank] that are generated through an experiment because this information ultimately stands as the evidence that will support or reject the scientist's ideas. |
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| a logical explanation and interpretation of the data in the context of the hypothesis is reported in the [blank] section of a scientific paper |
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| can include restrictions on the experiment or the data as well as possible sources of error in the study. |
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| following a scientific study, scientists ssubmit their findings in writing to other scientists for [blank]; during this process a paper is evaluated and checked for validity. |
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| refers to describing and/or characterizing the components in a system using words. Traditionally provides the framework for classification systems. |
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| refers to numberical information obtained through direct measurement of components in a system. |
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| refers to magnitude of any physical quantity compared to standard 9e.g., millimeters, centimeters, inches of rain; days, hours, seconds of time). |
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| universally accepted example defined by the scientific community as a rule for the measure of a quantity |
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| shows equality between units of measure by using a set of universal standards. |
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| shows relationships between two variables by plotting the values of the Y variable versus the corresponding values of the X variable. |
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| explains the relationship between the two variables that are being compared in the scatter plot. |
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| a trend that best represents the data by passing as near to as many of the data points as possible. |
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| refers to a relationship between the two variables that can be described by a straight line (constant slope), which is indicative of a constant rate of change. |
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| describes a quantity measured with respect another measured quantity. |
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| refers to a variable rate of change (changing slope) |
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| has uneven spacing between the numbers on the axes. The ordered marks are instead located at distances that are proportional to the common logarithms of the numbers 1 to 10. The figure below shows a common log10 scale. |
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| when one of the axes on a particular graph is presented in log scale the graph is called a log plot. |
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| when both of the axes are in log scale it is called a [blank] |
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| when the electrons are not shared equally ina covalent bond, the water molecule is describes as [blank]. This plays a major rold in many of the important attributes of water, one of which is hydrogen bonding. |
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| the enhancement of intermolecular attractive forces at the surface of a liquid |
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| a measure of a substance's thermal energy |
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| a physical effect caused by the interactions of a liquid with the walls of a thin tube. If you've ever dipped a napkin into a glass of water, you may have noticed that the water "climbs" up the napkin to level that is higher. |
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| defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of that substance by 1 degree Celsius |
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| water is described as having a high heat capacity |
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| it is important to recognize that water requires the addition and release of more heat than many substances to increase or decrease its temperature, respectively. |
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| basic models of the [blank] consist of a series of related processes that describe the movement and change pf water between reservoirs |
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| on earth, [blank] are the oceans, lakes, atmosphere, groundwater, glaciers, soil water, or basically anything that holds a portion of the global water supply (this includes plants and animals); can be thought of as a container |
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| a visual representation of reservoirs (boxes) and transfer processes between reservoirs (arrows). |
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| the average time a particular water molecule remains in a reservoir |
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| are created from rock fragments that have been cemented together |
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| the percent of void space in a rock or sediment |
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| the rate at which fluid can flow through a rock or sediment |
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| involves the chemical and physical processes that break rock into smaller pieces; sand, silt, clay, as well as ions in solution |
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| rock fragments and other weathering products, can be transported by water, wind, gravity, etc. |
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| products of weathering are carries to areas of lower elevation until thy are eventually deposited or chemically precipitated from solution in a process known as [blank] |
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| over time, water can naturally migrate through sediments causing [blank] as dissolved ion precipitate in the spaces between individual rock fragments |
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| in addition to cementation, loose and unconsolidated sediment becomes compacted during burial, or [blank], to become a sedimentary rock |
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| volume of void space/total volume |
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| describes the distribution of particle sizes in a material |
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| describes the distribution of particle sizes in a material |
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| described by the roundness and sphericity of individual grains |
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| a simplified representation of a complex system that deliberately ignores certain details so that the system is easier to study |
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| the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit fluid; provides insight into how fast fluid can move |
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| a measure of the volume of fluid flowing through an opening in a given amount of time |
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| represents the size of the opening through which fluid is flowing |
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| hydraulic gradient (delta h/L) |
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| a combination of two parameters: hydraulic head and length |
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| the difference in water level at two connected loactions (h1-h2). In this sense, it can be thought of as the height of a water column |
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| when precipitation falls onto the continents water may follow several pathways as it continues through the [blank] |
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| the process of adding water to the groundwater system; if soil water goes into groundwater |
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| a subsurface rock or unconsolidated unit that can yield significant amounts of water |
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| a rock or unconsolidated unit that is impermeable to water |
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| capable of receiving water directly from the land surface |
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| part of the subsurface in which pore spaces contain a mixture of water and air |
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| pore spaces in the [blank] are completely filled with water |
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| the water level that marks the boundary between the saturated and unsaturated zones in an unconfined aquifer |
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| not capable of receiving significant amounts of water directly from the overlying surface |
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| a difference between two water levels that determines the direction and speed of groundwater flow |
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| when the abundance of any substance becomes sufficiently high so that t is harmful |
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| the mass of solute (the substance being dissolved) per volume of solvent |
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| mass of solute/volume of solvent |
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| releases contaminants from a single confined location such as an underground gas tank or landfill |
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| non-point source pollution |
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| is responsible for introducing contaminant over broad areas |
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| amount in reservoir/rate of transfer in and out |
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