Term
| Who are the four members of the Quadruple Alliance? |
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Definition
| Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britian |
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Term
| DEFINE: Congress of Vienna |
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Definition
| a meeting of the Quadruple Alliance and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat in the Napoleon's France in 1814 |
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Term
The biggest challenge for political leaders in 1814 was...
were they successful in overcoming it? |
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Definition
to construct a settlement that would last and not sow the seeds of another war
Yes - there was a century devoid of generalized war |
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Term
| COV: lenient or harsh towards France? |
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Definition
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Term
| The first Peace of Paris gave France...(2) |
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Definition
-boundaries from 1792, larger than 1789
-no war reparations |
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Term
| The COV agreed to set up safeguards against renewed Fr. aggression - name one way how? (2) |
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Definition
-The Low Countries - Belgium and Holland - were united under an enlarged Dutch monarchy capable of opposing France more effectively.
-AAND Prussia got more territory |
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Term
| Why was the COV moderate towards France? |
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Definition
-self-interest
-traditional balance-of-power philosophies
---used COV to settle own disputes, collect reparations for fighting the French |
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Term
| How was each country compensated at the Congress of Vienna? |
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Definition
-GB - already had colonies/stategic outposts from wars
-Austria - gave up Belgian/S GN territories
-obtined Venetia, Lombardy, former Polish possessions, eastern Adriatic coast lands
-Russia - got a small Polish kingdom
-Prussia - part of Saxony |
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Term
| DEFINE: Second Peace of Paris |
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Definition
-still relatively moderate
-happened after Napoleon escaped from Elba
-re-restored Louis XVIII
-France lost a little bit of territory
-pay indemnity of 700 mil francs
-left rest of first peace in place
-agreed to meet regularly, though - began "congress system"
- |
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Term
| "In 1815, under Metternich's leadership, Austria, Prussia, and Russia embarked on a crusade against the ideas and politics of the WHAT? Which lasted until WHEN? |
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Definition
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Term
| The first step in the dual revolution WAS... |
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Definition
| The Holy Alliance, formed by Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1815 |
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Term
| The Holy Alliance was first proposed by...and soon became... |
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Definition
| Alexander I...the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe |
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Term
| In 1820 revolutionaries succeeded in forcing WHO to do WHAT? |
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Definition
the monarchs of Spain and the southern Italian kingdom of the two Sicilies...
grant liberal constitutions against their wills. |
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Term
| What caused Metternich to call a Quad Alliance conference at Troppau? What did they agree to do? |
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Definition
uprisings in Sp. and Two Sicilies...
started principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever they were threatened. Austrian forces then marched into Naples in 1821 and restored Ferdinand I to the throne of the Two Sicilies, while French armies in 1823 likewise restored the SPanish regime |
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Term
| What changes was Metternich UNABLE to undo? |
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Definition
| dynastic change of 1830 in France or Belgium's achieving independence from the Netherlands in 1831. |
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Term
| What changes was Metternich UNABLE to undo? |
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Definition
| dynastic change of 1830 in France or Belgium's achieving independence from the Netherlands in 1831. |
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Term
| V/F: The COV made the German Confederation, which was comprised of 38 independent German states, including Prussia and Austira |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-required GN Confed to root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers
-also established a permanent committee with spies and informers and punish any liberal or radical organizations |
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Term
| "The threat of liberalism appeared doubly dangerous to Metternich because it generally went with ..." |
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Definition
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Term
| How was liberalism linked to nationalism? |
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Definition
| Liberals believed that each national group had a right to establish its own independent gov't and fulfill its own destiny |
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Term
| What three ethnic groups made up the main majority of Metternich's empire? |
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Definition
| Germans, Magyars, then Czechs |
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Term
| Metternich's state was strong because _; it was weak because _. |
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Definition
Large population and holdings;
many and potentially dissatisfied nationalities |
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Term
| Metternich's efforts to opppose liberalism were supported by WHAT two empires? |
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Definition
| Russia and (to a lesser extent) the Ottoman Empire |
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Term
| 15 more pages w/o romanticism |
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Definition
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Term
| "The principle ideas of are liberalism are BLAH and BLAH |
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Definition
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Term
| "In Europe, only France with DOCUMENT and GB with DOCUMENT had realized much of the liberal program by 1815." |
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Definition
Constitutional Charter
Parliament and historic rights of Englishmen |
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Term
| "Labor unions were outlawed because they supposedly restricted free competition and the individual's WHAT?" |
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Definition
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Term
| "Early 19th-century liberals wanted representative gov't" - what did they want out of voting rights? |
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Definition
| They wanted to keep the land restrictions |
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Term
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Definition
| "each people has its own genius and its own specific unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state." |
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Term
| NAME THAT MAN: super important guy who "strongly influenced" nationalism |
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Definition
| Johann Gotffried von Herder |
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Term
NAME THESE MEN:
-Jules Michelet
-Giuseppe Mazzini
-Count Henri de Saint-Simon
-Charles Fourier
-Louis Blanc
-Pierre Joseph Proudhon |
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Definition
-French historian and nationalist
-Italian nationalist
-believed in opportunities of industrialism, and that the court/aristocracy were "parasites" who should give way to the "doers" - scientists, engineers, industrialists, so that they could plan the economy and est. public works projects/investment banks, help poor
-natl'ist, believed in self-sufficient communities, emancipation of women
-Organization of Work writer, liked universal manhood-suffrage, gov't-backed factories
-What is Property? writer (answer: nothing but theft) |
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Term
| Why did nat'l-ism worry socialists? |
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Definition
| -saw nationalism as making selfish individuals, while socialism would give back to the community |
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Term
| According to Marx, the history of society is ... |
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Definition
| the history of class struggles |
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Term
David Ricardo taught that...
while Proudhon argued...
And Hegel said.... |
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Definition
-labor was the source of all value
-profits are wages stolen from workers
-each generation makes opposing ideas that eventually result in a new synthesis |
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Term
| Talk about the 1821 Greek uprising |
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Definition
-So, Greece had historically been ruled by the Ottoman Turks, but a nationalist movement took root
-Alexander YPSILANTI led the revolt
-the great powers were initially opposed, BUUUUT
-People became romantic about classical Greece, Russia sympathized with the Greek Orthodox Church thing, and Byron drummed up some support as well
-GB/Fr/Russia demanded an armistice w/ Turkey
-Turkey refused
-They went in and attacked
-Russia won a protectorate over Romania, then declared Greece independent in 1830
-1832 - got a German king |
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Term
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Definition
| British laws, revised in 1815, that prohibited the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food pricecs high for working people |
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Term
| DEFINE: Battle at Peterloo |
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Definition
| A protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws; it was broken up by armed cavalry. |
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Term
| DEFINE: Reform Bill of 1832 |
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Definition
| A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas. Made by the Whigs, allowed House of Commons to emerge as all-important legislative body. Got rid of "rotten boroughs." |
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Term
| When people protested the Corn Laws, how did the Tory gov't react? |
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Definition
| suspended rights of traditional assembly and habeas corpus, then passed the Six Acts |
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Term
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Definition
| Placed controls on a heavily taxed press and practically eliminated all mass meetings...tried to dispel Corn Law protest |
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Term
| DEFINE: Chartist Movement |
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Definition
-advocated universal male suffrage
-proposed such a bill 3x, got rejected each time |
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Term
| DEFINE: Anti-Corn-Law League |
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Definition
| Argued that lower food prices and more jobs in industry depended on lower food prices and more jobs in industry meant the repeal of the CLs |
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Term
| How were the Corn Laws repealed? |
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Definition
When the big potato famine hit Ireland, people were freaking out about famine price, so Tory Prime Minister Robert Peel nixed the law and allowed free imports of grain.
Also marked the beginning of free trade becoming sacred to GB |
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Term
| DEFINE: Ten Hours Act of 1847 |
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Definition
| -Limited workday for women and young people in factories to ten hours, led to other legislation for better working conditions |
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Term
| "The great mass of the population of Ireland were RELIGION, who rented their land from WHO?" |
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Definition
| Catholics, rented their land from Anglicans tho. |
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Term
| V/F: Ireland's population decreased before the Great Famine |
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Definition
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Term
| Why didn't Britain help the Irish during the Great Famine? |
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Definition
| they were committed to lasseiz-faire policies |
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Term
| In response to the GF, apathetic British, and demanding landlords, how did the Irish react? |
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Definition
-migrated
-became nationalistic |
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Term
| DEFINE: Louis XVIII's Constitutional Charter of 1814 |
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Definition
-liberal constitution
-in response to political pressures
-middle class gains from French Rev were protected
-intellectual and artistic freedom were permitted
-parliament with upper and lower houses was created (lower=Chamber of Deputies)
-coincided with Louis XVIII's moderateness
-by no means universal suffrage, but it was a little better, a little more "diverse" |
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Term
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Definition
-Louis XVIII's successor
-Technically a new dynasty
-wanted to establish old order in France
--kept getting opposed by deputies (lower house)
-so Chuck turned to military conquest to rouse up French nationalism
-marched troops into Muslim Algeria in 1830 and took capital city, accidentally went on until 1847, but France did win.
-So in July 1830 Chuck heard the good news about Algeria, so he repealed the Constitutional Charter, so there was an insurrection
-In "three glorious days," the gov't collapsed, and the upper middle class put Louis Philippe, Chuck's cousin and duke of Orleans, on the throne |
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Term
| NAME THAT MAN: Louis Philippe |
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Definition
-Adopted Tricolour
-Adopted Const. Charter
-admitted that he was merely the "king of the French people."
-revolution hadn't really widely expanded voting rights |
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Term
| Define: French revolution of 1848 |
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Definition
-Workers and some students, protesting "bourgeois monarchy," tore up coblestones and bean building barricades in Paris
-Demanded a new gov't
-National Guard broke ranks and joined them
-Louis Philippe wouldn't send in an army, rather abdicated throne to his grandson, but protesters didn't want a monarchy
-made a provisional republic, headed by a ten-man executive committee
-drafted constitution for France's Second Republic and established universal manhood suffrage |
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Term
| So what kind of people pervaded the new Constituent Assembly? What did Louis Blanc have to do with them? (long answer) |
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Definition
-moderates
-representative of socialists, working class, but was dropped by exec committee
---in reaction, peasants invaded Const. Assm. on May 15
-used middle-class National Guard to quell uprising
-the gov't dissolved the national workshops (public works projects)
-thus followed a violent revolution and class war
-Endured three terrible "June Days" of street fighting
-Instead of generous democratic republic, the Constituent Assembly completed a constitution featuring a strong executive - that would be Napoleon's grandson, Louis Napoleon, to seal that position in an election in 1848 |
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Term
| Hungarian liberal revolutions - describe |
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Definition
Began in 1848 in Hungary, and demanded autonomy as Hungarians from Austrian Empire
-When monarchy hesitated, Viennese students revolted
-Ferdinand I caved
-Metternich fled to London
-revolution broke down, though, when newly freed serfs weren't interested in poli/social questions troubling cities
-also broke down due to class conflict, opposing ideologies
-aaand with conflicting national aspirations - tried to merge Hungarians, Croats, Serbs, and Romanians - minorities made up half of population
-Also, archduchess Sophia, a Bavarian princess, rallied for change. She wanted Ferdinand I to step down, thinking he was unfit, and let her son, Francis Joseph, rule
-people made a conspiracy for her
-Francis Joseph took over, regained control, and re-controlled Hungary with the help of Russia's Nicholas I |
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Term
| Talk about Prussian revolts of 1848 |
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Definition
-Encouraged by overthrow of Louis Philippe, Prussian liberals tried to transform absolutist Prussia into a liberal constitutional monarchy
-So they and factory workers and artisans revolted, Frederick William IV caved
-granted liberal constitution, merged Prussia into a new national German state
-workers weren't happy tho - made more socialist demands
-conservatives freaked out and urged Frederick to wage counter-revolution
-Prussian Constituent Assembly met in Berlin, drafted constitution, but attn shifted to dealing with Denmark's claims on Schleswig and Holstein, primarily inhabited by Germans
-National Assmbly finally decided to send in an army to oppose Denmark
-finally finished constitution in 1849, and elected King Frederick William the emperor of the new German national state
-But FW wasn't having it - he disbanded the CAssmb, forced a conservative constitution, and claimed divine right
-Tried to get Austria and Russia to support him, but this failed
-German Confederation was re-established |
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