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| The Arab founder of Islam, Muhammad is held by Muslims to be the chief prophet of God. He was born in Mecca. Muslims believe that the Koran was dictated to him by an angel sent from God. |
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| a city in and the capital of Hejaz, in W Saudi Arabia: birthplace of Muhammad; spiritual center of Islam. |
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| is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult |
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| the action or process of innovating. |
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| the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah. |
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| An Italian explorer of the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries; |
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| (960–1279) was culturally the most brilliant era in later imperial Chinese history. |
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| applies to large scale, long duration, significant military strategy plan incorporating a series of inter-related military operations or battles forming a distinct part of a larger conflict often called a war. |
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| is a historiographical term, modeled after the original phrase Pax Romana, which describes the stabilizing effects of the conquests of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural, and economic life |
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