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Islam (REL 350-MSU)
James Broucek's Fall 2011 course
95
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 3
12/09/2011

Additional Religious Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Caliphate
Definition
First system of government established in Islam and represented the political unity of the Muslim Ummah.
Term
Abu Bakr
Definition
First Caliph
Term
Umar b. al-Khattab
Definition
Second Caliph
Term
Uthman b. Affan
Definition
Third Caliph
Term
Ali b. Abu Talib
Definition
Fourth Caliph
Term
Mu'awiyya b. Abu Sufyan
Definition
Founder of Umayyad dynasty who moved the capital to Damascus. Transformed the Caliphate into a dynasty.
Term
Yazid b. Mu'awiyya
Definition
Son of Mu'awiyya. Presided over the Umayyad dynasty over the second fitna (civil war) because some people (Ali, etc...) didn't want him as Caliph.
Term
Diwan
Definition
Government salary system
Term
Shura
Definition
Council
Term
Battle of the Camel
Definition
Forces of Ali and Aisha battle in Basra, Iraq over just compensation for the assassination of Uthman, the third Caliph. 656 CE.
Term
Battle of Siffin
Definition
Occurred during the first fitna. Between Ali and Mu'awiyya over the murder of Uthman. Ali had become Caliph but was not accepted by many because he declined to punish Uthman's assassins. Mu'awiyya was a kinsmen of Uthman.
Term
Battle of Nahrawan
Definition
Battle between Ali and the Kharijites. Ali is assassinated.
Term
Battle of Karbala
Definition
Battle commemmorated by the Shia Muslim community by the celebration of Ashura. During the second fitna, Husayn b. Ali, is martyred with his followers in Karbala, Iraq.
Term
First Fitna
Definition
Begins with Uthman's death and ends with the Umayyad takeover of the Caliphate when Mu'awiyya moves the capital to Damascus. Period of fighting, civil war.
Term
Second Fitna
Definition
Begins with b. Ali and al-Zubayr refuse to pledge allegience to Mu'awiyya's son, Yazid and ends with the death of al Zubayr in 692.
Term
Ibn al-Zubayr
Definition
After the death of Ali, this man returned to the Hejaz and declared himself the righteous Caliph. He was killed in 692.
Term
Abu Hanifa
Definition
Founder of Hanafi madhab.
Term
Malik b. Anas
Definition
Founder of Maliki madhab.
Term
Muhammad b. Idris al Shafi'i
Definition
Founder of Shafi'i Madhab.
Term
Ahmad ibn Hanbal
Definition
Founder of Hanbali madhab (unintentional). Answered that the Quran was uncreated.
Term
The Minha
Definition
Question Abassid Caliph al-Ma'mun asked whether or not the Quran was a created text. The only to answer that the Quran was uncreated was Hanbal, who was subsequently punished.
Term
al Ma'mun
Definition
Abbasid Caliph who posed the question of the Minha.
Term
Shahada
Definition
Testament
Term
Salat
Definition
Prayer
Term
Zakat
Definition
Charity
Term
Sawm
Definition
Fasting
Term
Hajj
Definition
Pilgrimage
Term
al Nawawi
Definition
Sunni Muslim author in fiqh and hadith. Authoritative of the Shafi'i madhab.
Term
Malcolm X
Definition
Associated with the Nation of Islam and a civil rights leader in the US.
Term
Du'a
Definition
Supplications
Term
Raka'a
Definition
Prayer cycle
Term
Tahara
Definition
State of Ritual purity
Term
Najasa
Definition
ritual impurities
Term
Wudu
Definition
minor ablution
Term
Tayammum
Definition
ablution with dust
Term
Shari'a
Definition
Islamic law, path to refreshment
Term
fiqh
Definition
Islamic jurisprudence
Term
fiqh al-mu'amalat
Definition
law between persons
Term
fiqh al ibadat
Definition
law of ritual between people and Allah
Term
mufti
Definition
legal expert
Term
qadi
Definition
judge
Term
madhab
Definition
law school
Term
taqlid
Definition
adherence to authoritative precedence
Term
ijtihad
Definition
independent legal reasoning
Term
wajib
Definition
obligatory
Term
mandub
Definition
recommended
Term
ja'iz
Definition
permissible
Term
makruh
Definition
discouraged
Term
haram
Definition
forbidden
Term
bida'
Definition
innovation, a bad connotation
Term
shirk
Definition
strictly polytheism or worship or praise of anything other than Allah
Term
kalam
Definition
theology
Term
Major topics of dispute in Kalam
Definition
freedom of will/faith and works/attributes of Allah/leadership of the umma
Term
Hasan al Basri
Definition
Well known Sunni preacher, theologian who was born to Persian parents.
Term
Mu'tazila
Definition
Assert that, because of the perfect unity and eternal nature of God, the Quran must have been created, as it could not be co-eternal with God.
Term
Wasil b. Ata
Definition
Founder of the Mu'tazilites
Term
Abu al Hasan al Ash'ari
Definition
Known for defending hadith based doctrines with theological reasoning.
Term
al Juwayni
Definition
Theologian who said the Quran resembled God's speech, but was not itself identical to God's speech and not eternal.
Term
al Khalili
Definition
Theologian who said the Quran was not eternal because only God is eternal, his tawhid.
Term
Sufism
Definition
Islamic mysticism
Term
Ibn Arabi
Definition
Sharia scholar and Sufi Philosopher purported to have been initiated to Sufism by al Khidr.
Term
Mansur al-Hallaj
Definition
Sufi arrested in 904 for claiming divinity and executed in 922 for ruling on the Hajj
Term
Muhammad al-Ghazali
Definition
Wrote deliverance from error.
Term
Jalal al Din Rumi
Definition
Used poetry to express oneness with God, criticized by some for using forbidden drunken imagery in poetry.
Term
Fana'
Definition
union with God
Term
baraka
Definition
blessing
Term
tariqa
Definition
mystical path of Sufism
Term
Kharijites
Definition
Formed after the Battle of Siffin. Those against arbitration between Mu'awiyya and Ali broke off to become seceders, citing the Quran as a reason for doing so.
Term
Ibadhi
Definition
Different from Sunni and Shia traditions. Largest populations in Oman and Zanzibar.
Term
Shi'a
Definition
believe Ali and his descendents should have been the Caliphs. Had a line of Imams and traditions such as the Twelvers, Seveners, and Zaydis. Large populations can be found in Iran and some Gulf States.
Term
Ahl al-Bayt
Definition
People of the house. Significant to Shia groups. Ali, Fatimah, Muhammad, Hasan, Husayn.
Term
Ghadir Khumm
Definition
Hadith report that assert Muhammad meant to leave the Caliphate to Ali, Pointed to by Shia groups.
Term
Imamate
Definition
Shia concept that states divinely guided Imams must lead the ummah and be descendents of the ahl al bayt.
Term
Zulfiqar
Definition
sword of Ali.
Term
Turbah
Definition
a small piece of clay optionally used by Shia during prayer...you touch your forehead to it.
Term
Husayn b. Ali
Definition
Son of Fatimah and Ali. Martyr in the Shia tradition at the Battle of Karbala.
Term
Ashura
Definition
Shia hoiday commemorating the martyrdom of Husayn b. Ali and his followers.
Term
Ja'far al Siddiq
Definition
Founder of twelver shiism. Respected by Sunni authorities.
Term
Muhammad al Mahdi
Definition
Last of the Imams (Twelvers)
Term
The Greater Occultation
Definition
941-present. Shia expect the return of another Imam with Jesus.
Term
Taqiyya
Definition
Practice in the Shia religion where a Shia may decide to conceal their true religion when threatened, persecuted, or put under compulsion.
Term
Ottomans
Definition
Turkish empire inspired and sustained by Islam and Islamic institutions. From 1299-1923.
Term
Safavids
Definition
One of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran. Twelver school if Shia Islam established under them.
Term
Mughals
Definition
imperial power of the Indian subcontinent until the British took over.
Term
Muhammad b. Abd' al Wahhab
Definition
Founder of Wahabbism in the Najd of Saudi Arabia.
Term
Muhammad b. Saud
Definition
Patron of Wahhab, ancestor od the current royal Saud family in Saudi Arabia.
Term
Jamal al Din al Afghani
Definition
Political activist and Islamic ideologist in the late 19th century. Founder of Islamic modernism and proponent of pan Islamic unity. Most interested in organizing a Muslim response to the encroachment of western powers in the Middle East.
Term
Mehmet Ali
Definition
Ottoman Governor of Egypt. Pressured the Sultan into giving him the authority to name a successor, his son. Brough infrastructure improvement and westernized education to Egypt.
Term
Muhammad Abduh
Definition
An Egyptian jurist, religious scholar, and liberal reformer, regarded as a founder of Islamic modernism.
Term
Nahda
Definition
Renaissance
Term
Rashid Rida
Definition
Student of Abduh, Syrian proponent of Salafiyyah movement,
Term
Ali Abd al Raziq
Definition
Regarded as the father of Islamic Secularism. Wrote a book, Islam and the Foundations of Governance, that questioned the necessity of the Caliphate.
Term
Al Shaybani
Definition
Wrote the book of Foundations, this placed limits on warfare in Islam.
Term
Fiqh of War
Definition
Legal ruling involving war
Term
Osama bin Laden
Definition
Heir to Bin Laden construction fortune that condoned the killing of American civilians because, he stated, they were responsible, by electing officials and spending tax dollars on killing Muslims in the Middle East.
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