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| a tall slender tower of a mosque having one or more balconies from which the summons to prayer is called |
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in Islamic architecture, a courtyard.
almost every mosque has a sahn, which is surrounded by an arcade from all sides |
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| a pulpit in the mosque located to the right of the mihrab where the imam (leader of prayer) stands to deliver sermons |
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literally house/abode of Islam
a term used by Muslim scholars to refer to those countries where Muslims can practice their religion freely. These are usually Islamic cultures wherein Muslims represent the majority of the population, and so the government promises them protection. Most Dar al-Islam areas are surrounded by other Islamic societies to ensure public protection |
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Vegetal patterns employed alone or in combination with the other major types of ornament adorn a vast number of buildings, manuscripts, objects, and textiles, produced throughout the Islamic world.
With the exception of the garden and its usual reference to paradise, vegetal motifs and patterns in Islamic art are largely devoid of symbolic meaning |
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French: "in the Arab fashion"
Term often used to describe a complicated, intertwined, flowing design of stylized floral and plant motifs. |
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a library and translation institute in Abbassid-era Baghdad, Iraq. It was a key institution in the Translation Movement and considered to have been a major intellectual center of the Islamic Golden Age.
Based in Baghdad from the 9th to 13th centuries, many of the most learned Muslim scholars were part of this excellent research and educational institute. |
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| the art of creating images with an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials. |
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| head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the ruler of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah. It is a transcribed version of the Arabic word "successor" or "representative" |
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| a pictorial image, abstract or representational, that epitomizes a concept — e.g., a moral truth, or an allegory — or that represents a person, such as a king or saint. |
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After the death of Ali, there was a bitter religious and political struggle between the followers of a more traditional Islamic faith, who were called Sunnis, and the more radical followers of Ali, who were called Shiites. The Sunnis won, and established the Umayyad dynasty, with its capital at Damascus in Syria.
In Jerusalem, the Umayyads built the first major mosque, the Dome of the Rock, on the site of Solomon's Temple (and the place where Abraham almost sacrificed Isaac). |
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In 750 AD, the Umayyad caliphs were replaced by the Abbasid caliphs, who murdered all of the surviving Umayyad men but one.
In 762 AD the Abbasids moved their capital from Damascus in Syria to the new city of Baghdad in Iraq.
Baghdad was soon a big international city and was the largest city in the world outside of China.
The Abbasids ruled all of West Asia and North Africa from 750 AD until about 1000, when they began to weaken. |
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largest branch of Islam
"people of the tradition [of Muhammad] and the community"
Sunni Islam is referred to as the orthodox version of the religion. The word "Sunni" comes from the term Sunnah, which refers to the sayings and actions of Muhammad that are recorded in hadiths |
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second largest denomination of Islam
"followers of Ali"
Shias believe that God's representatives like Prophets and Imāms cannot be elected by common Muslims, which is why Shias disown the election and selection of Abu Bakr
Shias believe that there are numerous narrations where the prophet selected Ali as his successor. |
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“way" or "path"
code of conduct or religious law of Islam |
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a traditional account of things said or done by Muhammad or his companions.
regarded by traditional Islamic schools as important tools for understanding the Qur'an |
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| (in Islamic countries) a communal bathhouse, usually with separate baths for men and women. |
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