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Islam
rise of Islam Chapter 2
29
History
7th Grade
09/17/2012

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Term
Byzantine
Definition
Delayed the expansion of Islam into Asia Minor.  Muslim armies were able to conquer all the Byszntine lands in the Middle East except constantinople.  They became the preserver of knowledge from previous generations in the west..  They influenced the development of a Slavic alphabet.  The Russians copied their style of construction for their cathedrals. 
Term
Sassanid
Definition
Were defeated in 637 the Sassanid forces toppling the empire.  Because they had fought with Byzantine empire for almost two hundred years both empires were both drained of finiancial and military resources making them easy targets for the growing Islamic empire.  The muslims were able to quickly gained support by looking like liberators and completely distroyed the Sassanid Empire.
Term
Mecca
Definition
Location of Muhammad's birth.  As part of the 5th pillar of Islam Muslims are expected to make a pilgrimage to here at least once in their lifetime. This is the holiest city in Islam for at least two reasons, 1. Muhammad was born there; 2. The Ka'bah is located there.  
Term
Ka'bah
Definition
a stone building in Mecca that was used for pagan rituals.  The original structure existed long before Muhammad's time.  The Arabs worshiped hundreds of gods prior to the rise of Islam.  May of these gods were stored in the Ka'bah.  Today the Ka'bah is about forty-three feet hight with sides measureing thirty-six feet by forty-two feet.  A plack stone is set in the eastern corner of the structure.  The outside of the Ka'bah is covered by a black curtain made of silk and embroidered with gold.  Muslims are required to walk around this structure seven times as part of their pilgrimage to Mecca
Term
Ramadan
Definition
The holy month of Islam.  Muslims are required to fast during daylight hours. 
Term
Qur'an
Definition
Sacred Islamic book that records Muhammad's visions. 
Term
Allah
Definition
The name of the Islamic god as declared by Muhammad.  Muhammad rejected polytheism and began to teach that there was only one god. 
Term
Medina
Definition
Location that Muhammad and a few of his followers moved to after he was forced to leave Mecca.  
Term
Hegira
Definition
Muhammad's move from Mecca to Medina and the event that would mark the beginning of Islam
Term
Battle of Badr
Definition
after Muhammad attacked numerous caravans, Mecca sent a force against Muhammad.  Muhammad's outnumbered army saw victory in this battle which Muhammad saw as devine approval of his religious teachings. 
Term
Islam
Definition
Religion created by Muhammad.   Means "sumbission"
Term
Muslims 
Definition
followers of Islam
Term
Wars of Apostasy
Definition
Abu Bakr's conquest against Arabs who sought independence after Muhammad's death
Term
Shiite
Definition
believed that Muhammad intended Ali, his cousin, to be his successor.  They insist that he retained Muhammad's political and spritual authority.  (Blood related to Muhammad to lead)  
Term
Sunni
Definition
believe any worthy Muslim could be selected to lead them.
Term
Imam
Definition
leader of the Shiite faction of Islam
Term
Caliph
Definition

Islamic Leader

Arab word means to succeed.  Abu Bakr took this as his title after Muhammad died. 

Term
Hadith
Definition
Holy Book of Islam
Term
Five Pillars
Definition

1. Recitation of the creed.

2. Daily practice of prayer

3. Almsgiving

4. Fasting during Ramadan

5. Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime. 

Term
Sharia
Definition
Islamic Law
Term
Jihad
Definition
Means to strive hard, Word the Qur'an uses to discribe a "holy war" against all nonbelievers 
Term
infidels
Definition
unbelivers
Term
Umayyad
Definition
Muslim dynasty expanded west across northern Africa and into Europe through modern Spain.  By 750 they had conqured additional territory in Southwet Asia to the western border of India. 
Term
Damascus
Definition
Umayyad Caliphate capitol
Term
Abbassid
Definition
Took over leadership of the Islamic Empire in 750.  The emphasis of this dynast changed from conquest to learning and culutre. 
Term
Baghdad
Definition
Abbassid Caliphate capitol 
Term
Constantinople 
Definition
capitol of the Byzantine Empire.  Could not be conqured by the Muslims or the Seljuk Turks 
Term
Greek Fire
Definition
Secret weapon of the Byzantine Empire.  Helped prevent Constantinople from being defeated. 
Term
Charles Martel (the Hammer)
Definition
ruler of the Franks who led an army to stop the advance of the Muslim forces in Europe.  At the Battle of Tours in 732, he decisively defeated the Muslim army.  He effectively used heavy cavalry and wise military tactics to stop the Muslim advance.  
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