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| "peace" or "surrender", referring to the peace that comes when one surrenders their life to Allah |
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| one and only supreme god, creator, provider |
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| prophet; father of Ishmael, built the Ka'ba |
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| first Muslim; genesis / origin of the Muslim community, from which all Muslims derive their descent |
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| first Prophet to establish a religious community with laws by which to live (codified in the Torah); Rasul |
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| prophet & messenger, bringing the word of Allah and the word of law; Moses, Jesus and Muhammed are examples |
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| prophet who brings the word of God (not a messenger who brings law however) |
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| Final Rasul, aka the Seal of the Prophets who completes all prophetic revelations; born in Mecca in Ouaraysh Tribe; fully human; first revelation in 610 CE |
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| period of ignorance / darkness / polytheism; moral ignorance of people before Islam, worshipping multiple gods |
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| leading tribe in Mecca with most political power; Muhammed was born into this tribe |
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| Muhammed's home city and location of Ka'ba; place of worship |
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| cubical structure built by Abraham; Muhammed rededicates it to Allah; Muslims pray in the direction facing Mecca and the Ka'ba to this day |
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| Muhammed's merchant wife; first convert of Islam |
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| Where Muhammed received his first revelation from the Angel Gabriel |
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| the night Muhammed received his first revelation on Mount Hira |
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| second holiest city in Islam; housed Muhammed and 70 refugee families |
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| flight, migration; refers to Muhammed's journey from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE |
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| Mecca community attacked Medina after the Muslim community settled there; 1000 Meccans vs. 300 Muslims, but the forces of god helped the Muslims win |
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| second attempt by Meccans to take Medina; battle is a draw, high # of male deaths results in Muhammed allowing men to have 3-4 wives so that all women will have a male protector |
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| Ridda Wars / Wars of Apostasy |
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| after Muhammed's death, power struggle results in many tribes breaking away; wars fought by Caliphs attempting to reunite the community |
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| official text of Islam; "recitation", referring to the fact that it is meant to be spoken aloud, invoking the sense of God speaking through Muhammed |
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| chapter in the Qur'an (there are 114 in total); arranged in order by length, longest to shortest |
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| opening Surah in the Qur'an |
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| religious groups who received earlier revelations from God (e.g. Christians with Scripture, Jews with Hebrew bible) |
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| location of Muhammed's last prophecy and his farewell to the community; area where humanity will be gathered for the Day of Judgement |
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| First of the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs; had a role in the Ridda Wars / Wars Against Apostasy in which tribes in the Arab peninsula refused to give donations, so they had to be beaten into submission |
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| Second of the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs; disciple of Muhammed; extended the Ummah (Muslim community) vastly |
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| Third of the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs; compiled the Qur'an into a canon from several existing versions; criticized for corruption |
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| Fourth of the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs; undid Uthman's corruption and brought unity back to the Arab Empire |
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| Muslim community / nation; first established after Hijira |
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| 90% of the Muslim community; faith based on following the examples / actions of the prophet; the four Caliphs as legitimate rulers |
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| 10% of the Muslim community, who believed that none of the Caliphs (except Ali) were rightful successors to Muhammed |
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| obligatory practices for a Muslim |
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| First of the Five Pillars. statement of intent to attest to being a Muslim, spoken once a day out loud and in front of witnesses |
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| Second of the Five Pillars; obligatory prayers, said 5x a day in the direction of Mecca |
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| Third of the Five Pillars; 2.5% of one's wealth to be given to charity |
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| Fourth of the Five Pillars; month of fasting |
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| Fifth of the Five Pillars; pilgrimage to Ka'ba in Mecca which must take place at least once in a lifetime so long as they are able to financially |
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| to exert; continual effort to discern Allah's will |
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| larger Jihad; spiritual battle over one's passions and self; constant struggle to remain subservient to god's will |
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| lower Jihad; military struggle and defense of the ummah (community) |
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| movement within Islam on aestheticism; wool garment to signify a challenge to the ostentatiousness that appears in Islam; return to a simple lifestyle; notable Sufis are Al-Ghazali, Al-Hallaj, Rabi'a and Rumi |
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| debate of the watering hole; refers to Islamic law, as water is a source of life with religious significance |
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| person / people who possesses knowledge of the Qur'an, counterparts to clergy and rabbi |
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| Four Sources of Islamic Law |
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| Qur'an, Hadith (words of prophet), Quiyas (analogy and reasoning), Ijma (consensus of the community) |
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| Five Major Schools of Law |
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| Jafari (Shi'ite), Hanafi (India and Bangladesh), Maliki (N. Africa), Shafi'I (Indonesia), Hanbali (Saudi Arabia) |
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| Five Categories of Activities |
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| Halal (Obligatory - e.g. Five Pillars), Mustahbb (recommended - e.g. social customs), Mubah (neutral - e.g. walking), Mukruh (reprehensible - e.g. divorce), Haram (forbidden - e.g. eating pork) |
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