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| A section of DNA that contains instructions for making a protein. |
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| An organism’s genetic makeup |
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| The physical traits an organism exhibits. |
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| A _____________ consists of a single long strand of DNA and small proteins called histones around which the DNA is wrapped. Genes are sections of chromosomes. |
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| Most cells have two of each kind of chromosome, one inherited from each parent. The matched chromosomes are called____________________________. |
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| Refers to cells that contain two of each kind of chromosomes. |
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| Refers to cells that only have one of each kind of chromosome, e.g., eggs & sperms. |
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| A sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that pairs with the complementary codon on an mRNA molecule. |
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| A situation in which the combination of two alleles in a heterozygote results in both traits being expressed. |
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| A sequense of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that codes for a single amnio acid. |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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Definition
| The cell's genetic material: a double-stranded molecule, consisting of sugar-phosphate backbones attached by pairs of matched nitrogenous bases, in the form of a double helix. |
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| Refers to the allele that is expressed in a heterozygote. |
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| Portions of the mRNA transcript that contribute to the building of a protein. |
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| Changes in the DNA nucleotide sequence of an organism. |
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| The total genetic contentt of an organism. |
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| Organisms whose cells contain two different alleles of a given gene. |
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| Organisms whose cells contain two identical alleles of a given gene. |
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| A situation in which the combination of two alleles in a heterozygote produces an intermediate trait. |
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| Portions of the mRNA trnascript that are removed because they do not contribute to building a protein. |
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| Genes that are inheritated together more often than expected because they are located on the same chromosome. |
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| A form of cell division in which one diploid cell divides to produce four haploid daughter cells. |
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| A form of RNA made during transcription that is used to carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes. |
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| A situation in which a single gene affects more than one trait. |
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| Traits that hare effected by more than one gene. |
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| Refers to allele that is not expressed in a heterozygote. |
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| The production of new combinations of genes that differ from combinations found in the parental chromosomes resulting from crossing over during meiosis. |
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| The process through which a DNA molecule is copid. |
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| A single-stranded molecule consisting of a sugar-phosphate backbone attached to a series of nitrogenous bases. |
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| A form of RNA that, along with proteins, make up ribosomes. |
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| Traits determined by genes found on the sex chromosomes. |
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| Single nucleotide polymorphism |
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| Any one of a number of locations in the human genome where the base-pair sequence differs amoung human beings. |
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Definition
| The creation of a molecule of RNA from a DNA template, an intermediate step in building a protein from a DNA. |
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Definition
| A form of RNA that, during translation, transfers the appropriate amino acid to the protein being built. |
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| The assembly of a protein based on directions from an RNA transcript. |
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| An evolved trai that makes organisms more suited to living and reproducing in their enviroments. |
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| The evolution of multiople species, each adapted to distinct way of life, from a single ancestor. |
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| Speciation that occurs after a geographic barrier divides a group of organisms into two isolated populations. |
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| The selective breeding of organisms with desirable traits in order to produce offspring with the same traits. |
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| Living organisms that make their own food and organic materials. |
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| Autotrophs that use energy from inorganic chemicals to make their food and organic materials. |
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| The theory that the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes living inside early eukaryotic cells. |
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| Heritable changes in living organisms over time-or as Darwin put it, "descent with modification." |
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| The number of offspring an organism produces in its lifetime compared to other organisms in the population. |
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| Traits that are passed from parents to offspring because they are at least partially determined by genes. |
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| Living organisms that obtain their energy and organic materials from other living organisms or other outside sources. |
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| Organisms with heritable, advantagious traits leave more offspring than organisms with other traits, causing advantagous traits to become more common in populations over time. |
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| Postzygotic reproductive barrier |
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Definition
| A barrier that prevents members off different species from successfully reproducing because the hybrids produced are either unable to survive or sterile. |
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| Prezygotic reproductive barrier |
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Definition
| A barrier that prevents members of different species from mating in the first place or that keeps fertilization from occuring if they do mate. |
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| The theory that species do not change very much over long periods of times and then change a lot suddenly, during speciation. |
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| The formation of new species. |
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| A group of organisms whose members can interbreed among themselves, but do not with members of other species. |
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| Speciation that occurs without the introduction of a geographic barrier. |
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| Differences in a trait from one individual to another. |
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| The movement of substances such as water, carbon, and nitrogen between the tisues of living organisms and the abiotic world, particularly Earth's atmosphere, crust, and waters. |
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| The amount of organic matter present in an ecosystem. |
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| Major types of terrestrial ecosystems, as classified by their plant life, icluding tropical forest, temperate forest, coniferpus, forest, tundra, savanna, temperate grassland, chaparral, and desert. |
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| Pertaining to living organisms. |
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| A maximum number of individuals or maximum population density thhat a habitat can support. |
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| All the organisms that live within a given area. |
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| An organism that obtains food from other living organisms. |
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| Changes in the species composition of an ecosystem following a disturbance. |
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| The study of how organisms interact with their enviroments. |
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| All the organisms that live within a given area and all the abiotic features of their enviroment. |
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| A model of population growth in which a population grows at a rate proportional to its size. |
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| The position a population of organisms occupies on the continuum between producing a large number of "inexpensive" offspring and a small number of "expensive" offspring. |
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| A model of population growth in which growth slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of its habitat. |
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| The total set of biotic and abiotic resources a species uses within a community. |
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| A group of inidviduals of a single species that occupies a given area. |
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| An organism that makes organic molecules from inorganic materials and energy. |
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| A situation in which individuals of two species live in close association with one another. |
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| One of the feeding levels in a food chain, including producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and so forth. |
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