yes=problems of our world are excalated cuz of population numbers, that reduciton is necessary in order so that we can solve some of these probs.

ex: the WWF was formed, the global food and farming futures by the govt cuz more food needed for more ppl. pop growth is silent and the most imp factor of our probs today. not very specific as far as numbers of the problems occuring/how the pop is growing

no=that its all a panic and overexaggeration and that the facts are false. says that societies are sustained not by populations but by belief in god. The belief in god=higher pop cuz belief in families and less in birth control. attacks on muslims and so on. Kind of a bias view is that we should be birthing the "right" ppl, white christians. reasons our numbers are up is cuz of latino immigrants, muslims and so on. The farther from god we are the less kids we produce

def: when the density is great enough to impair quality of life, seriously degrade environment, and produce long term shortages of essential goods and resources

factors: increase in births, decline in mortality rates, changes in life expectancy [health care, edu, standard of living]

unsustainable use of resources

developed nations low in population for future

developing high= africa, asia and so on

by degree of industrialization and GDP=measure of a countrys standard of living

developed=highly industrializes, high average per capita GDP

developing=low industrialization, low pwer capita GDP

GDP/total population size

gdp=annual market value of all goods and services produced w/in a country

global pop size=low for developed (19%) high for developing

growth= 0.1 % developed. very high for developing

wealth= 85% developed. low for developing

resource use= 88% developed. low for developing

pollution and waste=75% developed. 25% developing

Births and immigrants +

deaths and emigrants -

avg stable tfr=2.1 anything less is declining

developingcountries have high tfr

as fertility rates decline (in developed countries) govts are offering incentives for childbearing like daycare, more money in taxes etc. to create more of a demand for kids

importance of kids as part of labor force (increase)

cost of raising and educating kids (<cost=>kids)

availability of pension systems (who cares for aged)

urbanization (fam planning and services available=+kids in rural areas)

education/employment opportunities for women

infant mortality rate

avg age of marriage (younger=more kids)

availability for legal abortions

availability of reliable birth control

religious beliefs, traditions, cultural norms

historical rate of extinction determined from fossil record. 1 species/year

current extinction rate= 1 species/hour

living planet index=average change in abundance of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species around the world. 

declining from 1970-2000

ECOLOGICAL PRIORITIES

 define biodiversity and how each of its three components is measured

habitat size, quality, future

maximize biodiversity

3 components of biodiversity=genetic diversity (meas w/in species), species diversity (meas. b/t species) and ecosystem diversity(meas. bt regions

ECOLOGICAL PRIORITIES

define and describe the 2 ecological conservation priorities

1) protect and conserve areas w/ high levels of biodiversity that are critically threatened due to human activites

HOT SPOTS--high number of species and rapid rate of habitat loss

2) protect and conserve areas with high biodiversity that have not yet been impacted by human activities

HIGH BIODIVERSITY WILDERNESS AREAS--large number of species and low human pop densities

ECONOMIC PRIORITIES

define conservation paradox

we want to conserve the most threatened ares first, but we also want to get the greatest return for our conservation dollar.

trying to get the most species saved for your dollar at the risk of endangering/extinction of others.

ECONOMIC PRIORITIES

compare economic and consercations costs related to decision making

california floristic province

maputaland-pondoland-albany

ENDANGERED SPECIES

list and define the different categories of conservation status

extinct

extinct in the wild (found only in captivity)

endangered (high risk extinction in the near future)

vulnerable (potential for extinction in future)

secure (no immediate risk to survival)

ENDANGERED SPECIES

define it

ENDANGERED SPECIES

explain the flagship species concept and give one example

charismatice species chosen to represent environmental cause.success from help of indigenous ppl

panda, galapagos tortoise, golden lion tamarin

chinese love of the panda=unofficial national animal of china.

public support=more money and awareness

make jobs for the park of the panda reserve

alt fuel sources from pig poop for stoves etc.

cut logs for bees and now dev artificial bee hives trained them and everything

animals can eat matter. like the maggots eating the bullet in the wound.

energy flow through animals by eating or creating it. 

toxic chemical depends on

dose=amt of exposure

duration of exposure

capacity of body to remove

any substance can be toxic at the right dose.

can be linear or non linear

LD 50 or median lethal does=amount that kills 50% of the the test population.

linear and non linear

 may have a time when certain doeses have no affect on them

bioaccumulation: substances build up in tissue over time

biomagnification: substances build up at each level as the pass through the food chain (ex in class--about the seals and the food chain--more animals it passed through more toxic)

biomagnication-how much passed through food chain

ld 50 and the toxicity of it

the dose, duration, and capacity of the body to the toxin

CLEARLY EXPLAIN/ILLUSTRATE MAJOR FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE GLOBAL CLIMATE

milankovitch cycle

greenhouse effect

albedo effect

milankovitch--earths relation to the sun (can predict when the earth will cool but can also temporarily delay the cooling etc)

greenhouse effect (chalkboard drawing and the differences in wave length) the GHG's like water, carbon dioxide, methane (ch4) and nirtrous oxidie abosorb the long wavelenghts and bounce it back to earth) kind of warming effect

albedo effect (clouds and ice reflect the short wave lenghts back out) kind of cooling effect

climate change--an interplay of natural and anthropogenic influences are leading to increased global mean temperatures

increased global temps cuz of GHG's

rising sea levels

positive feedback loop aka temp=melts permafrost=CO2 and methane=global warming

ozzone decpletion

glaciers melting

increased global temps

change in local climates=wetter or drier

great lakes go down

species distinctions/timing 

intesified global weather patterns

Less ghg off

less waste

more albedo

reinforcing system

like increase temp=melting ice=less albedo=high temps

etc.

sustainable society=one that accomadates its needs without compromising the ability of future generations from doing the same

how much an individual affects the environment in their daily life

things that affect, the car they drive, walk or bike, what they eat, resturant or in, how much waste, electricity etc

also tells you if everyone all 7bill ppl lived that way how much of earth would be used (more than one planet)

CLEARLY EXPLAIN, APPLY, AND DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS OF

myth of inexhaustibility

maximum sustainable yield

tragedy of the commons

myth of inexhaustibility=we believe that there is so much that it will never run out

maximum sustainable yield/violating sustainable yield=consuming more than the population can sustain

tradegy of the commons=garret hardin, short sighted use of natural resources for immediate econ gain, with no consideration for long term sustainability

drive out competition=monopolies

global free trade

lobby for govt subsidies

w/hold info about products

maximize profits

pass harmful costs resulting from production on to public, environment, future generations. ignores harmful environmental and social effects of producing goods and services

ex: dont include the depletion/degradation of natural capital. tells nothing of income distribution or economic justice

CLEARLY EXPLAIN WHAT IS MEANT BY FULL COST PRICING.

how implemented?

what difficulties could be assiociated with it

what consequences

intended benefits

current examples

includes cost of internal (cost of production) and external (harm to environment and ppl) factors

implemented by having companies pay for the harm they cause

difficult cuz prices would go up and who do you blame

consequences would be the economy would plumit

benefits cuz companies would be more envrionmentally friendly to have less costs externally and thus cheaper products. ppl would buy less/waste less/value more

ex:organic, and carbon copies.