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The use of technology to harness the power of biological processes as a means of meeting societal needs.
Frequently involves: Using cell tissue or embryo culture, molecular biology for gene identification, isolation, modifiacation or transfer. |
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Genetically Modified Organisms.
Any organism who's genetic makeup has been modified by humans. This includes the following methods:
Selection
Scientific Plant Breeding
Mutation breeding
Genetic enfineerin using recombiaant DNA |
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Viral contamination
Preparation
Radiocactive food
Pestisides
Antibiotics
Additives
Packaging
Food alterations |
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| What is a major reason G.E. foods may be unsafe? |
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| We cant prove that the new proteins are safe. |
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| If you cant prove a technology is 100% safe, how do you decide it is safe enough to use? |
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| Compare the molecules of GM products to the regular products. |
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| The test the time it takes for the protein to breakdown, if it breaks down slowly than it could be an allergen. |
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| Seeks to improve the human condition. Does not require scientific knowledge. Science helps increase technological innovation. Technology is not inherently good or bad, but its adoption always has effects on society. |
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Seeks to understand the natural world.
Three ways of viewing science:
- a system
- a process
- a body of knowledge
Science can not tell us if a technology is good or bad, and can not predict all ramifications of a new technolgy. |
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- Designed to ensure that the scientific body of knowledge is as accurate as possible.
- Designed to maintain the integrity of the process.
- Based on Peer Review |
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- Begins with curiosity
- Next hypotheses are formed
- The hypotheses are tested by observations and experiments
- Data from experiments requires statistical analysisto summarize data.
- Finally conclusions are drawn based on the evidence. |
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Fudamental to science.
Inductive reasoning:
-General principle from a large number of observations.
Deuctive reasoning:
-Specific predictions from a general principle. If/then |
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| Science a body of knowledge |
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Facts: Records of scientific experiments and observations. They dont change.
Scientific Theory: General set of principles supported by a body of evidence. Explains some aspects of nature. Has predictive power. Can change with new evidence |
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| Primary reports on scientific research or secondary reviews of research and are geared toward informing the scientific community. |
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| Secondary reparts on primary scientific research including many relevant details and are geared toward educating the audience. |
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| Secondary reports that give highlights or primary research with little detail and are geared toward entertaining the audience. |
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| Often have no scientific basis or misconstrue acientific research and are geared to "wow" or scare the audience. |
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| A type of biological molecule whose defining characteristic is its relative insolubility in water. Make cell membranes, source of storage, very important signaling molecule |
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| A large polymer of amino acids, composed of one or more polypeptide chains. Proteins come in many forms, including enzymes, structural proteins, and hormones |
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- Polymer made up with monomers.
- Made of 4 letters A, T, C, G (neucleotides)
- Oder of the letters in DNA also determines the letters of the proteins.
- Determines when and where protiens are made. |
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| What are the building blocks of protiens? |
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| Amino Acids: 20 amino acids can be put togehter in different order to create a multitude of protiens |
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- 20 amino acids
- The amino acid order in the plomer determines the 3-D shape of the protien.
- The 3-D shape determines the function. |
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- Polymers get broken down into monomers.
- Lipids also get broken down to fatty acids.
- Monomers become a part of your body.
Polymers break down into monomers which creates energy. The monomers can either make new polymers or make smaller molecules. |
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| The frequency of genotypes and phenotypes in a population changes with time. this fact has been observed in many populations and microevolution is the theory that explains these observations. Happens over a short time. |
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| Long polymers of nucleotides that make up the receipe needed to make the cell. |
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| The basic recipe (order of nucleotides in the DNA polymer) that makes the protein to produce a specific trait. |
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| Slightly different versions of that same recipe (only minor changes in the order of nucleotides in the polymer). |
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| The position on the chromosome where the gene for a specific trait is located. |
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| A combination of alleles. |
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| Microevolution in Populations |
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| A change in the average value of a certain characteristic in a poplation over time as a result of changes in allele frequency. |
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| Permanent change in the DNA sequence. |
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| Change in allele frequency due to mixing of populations. |
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| A random change in allele frequency. |
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| Changes in allele frequency due to mate peference. |
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| Changes in allele frequency based on the fittness of the environment |
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| A related set of insights, supported by evidence, that explains some aspect of nature. |
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| What are the building blocks of DNA? |
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| An adjustable condition in an experiment. |
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| An experimental condition that exists prior to the introduction of any variables that are being tested for. |
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| Organic molecules that always contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. |
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| Building blocks of Carbohydrates |
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| Simple Sugars: Also known as monosaccharides. ex. glucose, fructose |
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| In evolution, the type of natural selection in which intermediate forms of a given character are favored over either extreme. This process tends to maintain the average for the character. Most common type of selection. |
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| In evolution, the type of natural selection that moves a character toward one of its extremes. |
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| In evolution, the type of natural selection that moves a character toward both of its extremes, operating against individuals that are average for that character. This type of selection seems to be less common in nature than stabilizing or directional. |
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| The bulding block of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA consisting of a phospate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base. |
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| The primary information-bearing molecule of life, composed of two chains of nucleotides, linked togehter in the form of a double helix. Proteins are put togehter in accordance with the information encoded in DNA. |
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